MORTON' 


GEO  GRAPH  Y 


I 


AMERICAN  -BOOK-  COMPANY 

NEW  YORK  •  CINCINNATI  •  CHICAGO 


M 


IIMUrDCITV     nr     ^«ii>-*» 


DE 


No.  Jf  * 


MORTON'S 


i  > 


, , 


ELEMENTARY  GEOGRAPHY 


BY 


ELIZA  H.  MORTON 


MEMBER   OF  NATIONAL   GEOGRAPHIC   SOCIETY 


NEW    YORK  •.•  CINCINNATI  •.•  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN    BOOK     COMPANY 


tUUCATlON  DEPT. 

CONTENTS 


MS 


PRONOUNCING  INDEX 

INTRODUCTORY  LESSONS: 
The  Story  of  the  Earth 

Land  and  Sea     

Shape  and  Size  op  the  Earth 
How  to  Find  Directions 

Light  and  Heat 

Views  of  the  Earth  .        .         .        . 

What  Globes  Tell  Us  . 
What  Maps  Tell  Us  .        .        .        . 

Surface  of  the  Land     .        .        . 
.    Highlands  and  Lowlands 

The  Sea  of  Air 

How  the  Land  is  Watered 

How  the  Water  Goes  back  to  the  Sea 

More  about  Rivers 

How  the  Land  has  Changed  its  Form 

The  Ocean  

Seore  Forms  of  Land  and  Sea  . 


page 
.   4 


7 
8 
8 
9 
10 
11 
13 
14 
15 
16 
16 
17 
18 
20 
21 
22 
23 


Climate,  Zones,  and  Seasons 25 

Living  Things  —  Plants 26 

Living  Things  — Animals 27 

Man 27 

Races  of  Men 28 

Conditions  of  Men '28 

Government                29 

The  Earth  a  Farm 30 

The  Earth  a  Treasure-house 32 

The  Earth  a  Workshop 32 

Means  of  Communication 33 

Transportation 34 

Trade  or  Commerce 35 

Map  of  the  World 3P 


NORTH  AMERICA: 

Position  —  Extent  —  Coast  Line 
Surface  and  Drainage  . 
Resources  and  Products  . 
People  and  Countries  . 


38 
38 
41 
43 


UNITED   STATES: 

Position  —  Extent  —  Coast  Line  . 
Surface,  Rainfall,  and  Drainage 
People  and  Resources  . 
Historical  and  Political 
Sei'tions  of  the  United  States 
The  New  England  States 
States  of  the  Atlantic  Slope 


46 

.         .         .46 

50 

.     51 

53 

.     53 

55 

States-  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  —  Northern  Sec.    59 
States  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  —  Southern  Sec.    63 

The  Plateau  States 65 

States  of  the  Pacific  Slope        ....        66 
Detached  Possessions  and  Cuba  .        .        .69 

OTHER  COUNTRIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA: 

Dominion  of  Canada,  and  Newfoundland  .        .  72 

Danish  America 73 

Mexico,  Central  America,  and  the  West  Indies  74 


PAGE 
SOUTH  AMERICA: 

Position  —  Extent  —  Coast  Line  ....  76 

Surface  and  Drainage 77 

Resources  and  Products 79 

People  and  Countries 81 

Brazil 81 

Argentina 82 

Paraguay  and  Uruguay        . '      .        .        .        .  83 

Chile 83 

Peru  and  Bolivia 84 

Ecuador,  Colombia,  and  Venezuela        .        .        .84 

Guiana 85 


EUROPE : 

Position  —  Extent  —  Coast  Line  . 
Surface  and  Drainage 
Resources  and  Products 
People  and  Countries 
How  We  Reach  Europe 
British  Isles      .... 
The  Empire  of  Germany 

France         

Russia 

Austria-Hungary 

Italy 

Switzerland        .... 

Spain  and  Portugal 

The  Netherlands  and  Belgium 


The  Norse  Countries    .... 
The  States  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula   . 


87 
88 
89 
91 
92 
93 
94 
95 
96 
97 
98 
99 
99 
100 
101 
102 


ASIA: 

Position— Extent — Coast  Line       .        .        .        .105 

Surface  And  Drainage 105 

Resources  and  Products  .        .        .        .  .  107 

People  and  Countries 108 

India .        .        .108 

Southeastern  Asia 109 

Chinese  Empire  ........  110 

Japan Ill 

Siberia 112 

Southwestern  Asia 112 


AFRICA: 

Position — Extent — Coast  Line 
Surface  and  Drainage  . 
Resources  and  Products 
People  and  Countries  . 


.  114 

.        114 

.   116 

117 

Egypt 119 

The  Barbary  States      ....  120 

The  Sahara 120 

The  Sudan  and  Abyssinia 120 

The  Kongo  State •  .        .121 

Cape  Colony  and  the  Boer  Countries        .        .       121 
Other  Coast  Countries 122 

AUSTRALIA  AND  ISLANDS  OF  THE  PACIFIC : 

Australia 123 

Islands  of  the  Pacific 126 


TABLES 


127 


Copyright,  1900,  by  Butler,  Sheldon  a  Company. 
14 


to 


THE  NEW  GEOGRAPHY. 

Geogbaphy  naturally  resolves  itself  into  a  description  of  that  part  of  the  earth's  surface 
which  is  within  one's  field  of  observation  and  of  that  part  which  is  beyond  the  home  surroundings. 
The  child  should  begin  to  study  geography  as  soon  as  he  is  old  enough  to  notice  to  any  extent 
the  objects  about  him.  The  instruction  at  first  must  of  necessity  be  entirely  oral.  It  should 
gradually  enlarge  the  pupil's  mental  horizon  and  lead  to  conceptions  of  things  far  away.  The 
oral  work  should  be  continued  until  the  child  is  prepared  to  consider  the  earth  as  a  unit.  At 
this  stage  of  progress  a  primary  book  may  be  placed  in  his  hands.  Each  lesson,  however, 
should  be  preceded  by  oral  explanations. 

The  language  of  the  book  should  be  simple,  concise,  and  accurate.  It  should  begin  with  and 
constantly  refer  to  the  child's  experience  and  environment.  It  should  introduce,  naturally  and 
in  logical  order,  the  various  topics  pertaining  to  the  earth  as  a  whole.  It  should  recognize  the 
fact  that  the  relation  of  the  part  to  the  whole  is  an  elementary  principle.  When  the  earth  is 
first  considered  part  by  part,  the  parts  are  with  great  difficulty,  if  ever,  put  into  a  harmonious 
whole.  While  it  is  true  that  the  immense  size  of  the  earth,  its  movements,  and  their  relation  to 
other  phenomena,  are  facts  pertaining  to  a  phase  of  geography  which  cannot  be  fully  grasped  by 
immature  minds,  yet  distinct  ideas  of  the  elements  which  together  form  the  world  may  be  early 
imparted.  It  is  impossible  for  children  to  study  their  own  country  intelligently  as  a  whole,  or  in 
sections,  without  this  preparatory  world  study. 

The  primary  book  should  give  the  leading  principles  of  the  structural  phase  of  geography  as 
a  basis  for  future  work.  It  should  clearly  show  also  the  relation  of  relief,  drainage,  and 
other  physical  features  to  the  life  of  man.  It  should  constantly  use  the  power  of  comparison, 
of  contrast,  and  of  correlation  to  make  the  children  see  and  think,  and  to  aid  the  memory.  It  is 
allowable  to  present  some  attractive  non-essentials  to  promote  interest. 

The  primary  book  should  aim  to  furnish  those  who  may  never  be  able  to  enter  the  grammar 
school  with  a  knowledge  and  an  inspiration  that  shall  lead  them  to  study  geography  with  profit 
and  pleasure  all  their  lives.     The  new  geography  of  to-day  is  embodied  in  these  principles. 

Grateful  acknowledgments  are  due  to  Mr.  George  M.  Say  re,  author  and  teacher,  for  editorial 

supervision,  valuable  suggestions,  and  helpful  criticisms  in  connection  with  the  preparation  of  this 

book. 

E.  H.  MORTON. 

May,  1900 


5<mt)9 


PRONOUNCING   INDEX. 


KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION. 


VOWELS 

a 
a 

as 

a 

in 

41 

ate 

arm 

•>■ 

14 

It 

all 

a 

It 

II 

at 

a 

It 

II 

air 

a 

II 

" 

ask 

a 

II 

II 

what 

a 

II 

11 

final 

e 

11 

it 

Sat 

Ab-Js-sIn'I-a  118,  121 
A-eon-ea'gua  77,  80 
Ad'e-laide  124 
A'den  106,  118 
Ad-i-ron'dack  52,  54 
Ad-ri-at'ic  86,  87,  90 
M-go'&u  (e-)  86,  87,  90 
Af-gAan-is-tan'  106,  113 
Af 'ri-ca  11, 12,  37, 114-122 
A-gul'has  (-yas)  118 
Al-a-ba'ma  49,  62,  63 
A-lSs'ka  36,  39,  44,  69 
Al'ba-ny  (al'-)  49,  52,  54 
Al-ej-an'drl-a  37, 118, 119 
Al-gS'rf-a  118,  120 
Al-gierg'  37,  118,  120 
Al'te-gAe-ny  City  54, 58, 59 
Allegheny  Mts.  54,  58 
Alps  86,  88,  90,  99 
Al-tal'  104,  106 
altitude  15 

Am'a-zon  37,  76-78,  80 
Am'ster-dam  90,  101 
A-mur'  36,  104,  106,  112 
An'deg  Highland  77-82 
Andes  Mts.  77-80 
animals    27,  30,    31,    41, 

42,  43,   73,  74,  79,  89, 

107,  116,  117,  125 
An-nap'o-lis  49,  54 
Ant-arc'tic  Circle  25 
Antarctic  Ocean  11,  25 
Ant'werp  90,  101 
Ap'en-nlneg  86,  88,  90 
Ap-pa-la'chi-an  39,  40,  44, 

49,  54 
A-ra'bl-a  104,  106,  112 
A-ra'bl-an  Sea  37, 104, 106 
Ar'abg  112,  119,  120 
Ar'al  104,  106,  107 
ar-e/ii-pel'a-go  38 
Arc'tic  Circle  25 
Arctic  Ocean  11,  25,   36, 

37,  44,  69,  90,  106 
Ar-gen-ti'na  80,  82 
Ar-J-zo'na  48,  64,  65 
Ar'kan-sas  48,  62,  63 
Asia  (a'shi-a)  11,  12,  36, 

37,  104-113 
Asiatic  (a-shi-at'ic)  107 
Asiatic  Turkey  113 
A-sun-ci-on'  80 
Ath'-a-bas'«a  39,  44 
Ath'eng  90,  102 
At-lan'ta  49,  54,  59 
At-lan'tic  Coast  Plain  40, 

46,47 
Atlantic  Ocean  11, 12,  25, 

37.  39,  44,  46,  49,  52.  54, 


e  as  in  find 

e  "  "  earn 

e  "  "  -where 

e  "  "  they 

e  "  "  novel 

I  "  "  Ice 

I  "  "  It 

I  "  "  vali'se 

I  a  .<  &irl 

O  "  "  Old 


6  as  in  on 

6  "  "  son 

6  *'  "  6r 

o  "  "  do 

o  "  "  wolf 

Q  "  "  sailor 

a  "  "  flse 

tt  "  "  up 

a  "  "  rule 

a  "  "  full 


tt  as       in       urge 
y        "        "       my 

y  "        "       sadly 
ua  =  wa 

ue  =  we 


CONSONANTS 


nice 
eat 


70,   77,  80,  86,   90,  93, 

115,  118 
Atlantic  Slope  46.  47 
At'las  114,  115,  118,  120 
atmosphere  16-18 
Auck'land  124,  126 
Aus'tln  49,  62 
Aus-tra'li-a  11,  12,  25,  36, 

123-125 
Aus'tri-a-Hun'ga-rJ-90,97 
aV'a-lanche  88 
A-zoreg'  37,  115,  118 


Bab  el  Man 'deb  37,  104, 

106,  115,  118 
Baffin  Bay  37,  39,  44 
Ba-ha'ma  44,  49,  70 
Ba-M'a  37,  80,  82 
Bal'kal  104,  106,  107 
Bal-kan'  Mts.  86,  88,  90, 

102;  Pen.  86,'102 
Bal-kash'  104, 106,  107 
Bal'tic  37,  86,  90 
Bal'ti-more  37,  49,  54,  59 
BS-lu-chis-tan'  106, 113 
Bangkok'  106 
Ban'gdr  52 
Banks  of  Newfoundland 

44,  92 
barbarous  people  29 
Biir-ce-16'na  90,  100 
Ba-ta'vl-a  36,  124,  126 
Bat'on  Rouge  (rozh)  49, 

62 
bays  24 

Bed'ou-ing  112,  113 
Bel-fast'  90,  93,  94 
Bel'gi-um  90,  101 
Bel-grade'  90 
Ben-gal'  36,  104,  106 
Ber'berg  120 
Be'ring  Sea  36,    39,   44, 

69,  104,  106 
Bering  Strait 36,  39, 44,  69 
Ber'lin  90,  95 
Ber-mu'da  37,  39,  44 
Bern  90,  99 
Bir'ming-ham  (-um),Eng. 

90,  93,  94;  Ala.  49,  62 
Bis'cay  86,  90 
Big'marck  49,  58 
Black  Hills  58,  60 
Black  Race  28,  45,  70,  75, 

81,   117,  119,   120,   121, 

122,  125 
Black  Sea  37,  86,  87, 88,  90 
Bloem-fSn'tein  118,  122 
Boerg  121,  122 
Bo-go-ta'  80,  85 


Boi'ge  48,  64 
BokA-a'ra  106 
Bo-liv'I-a  80,  84 
Bo'mii  118 

Bom-bay'  37,  106,  109 
B6r-deaux'  (-do')  90 
B6r'ne-6  36,  123, 124,  126 
Bos'po-rus  90 
Bos'ton  37,  44,  49,  52,  55 
Both'ni-a  86,  90 
bdicl'derg  22 
Brii/t'ma  108 
Braft-ma-pu'tra  104,  106 
Bra-zil'  80^82" 
Bra'zos  49,  62 
Brit'ish  GMi-a'nii  80,  85 
British  Lsleg  37,  93, 94 
British  possessions  72,  80, 

85,  93, 108, 118, 119, 121, 

122,  125,  126 
Brook'lyn  57 
brooks  19 

Brown  Race  28,  109,  126 
Brfls'selg  90,  101 
Bu'da-pest  90,  97 
Bud'dfca  108 
Buenos     Ayres    (bo'nus 

a'riz)  37,  80,  82 
Buf'fa-lo  49,  54,  57 
buffalo  or  bison  42 
building  stone  32,  53 
Bu-kAa-rest'  90 
Bul-ga'ri-a  90,  102 
Bur'ling-ton,  Vt.  52,  55 
Bur'ma  106 
Butte  48,  64,  66 


Cai'ro  37,  118,  119 
Cal-ciit'ta  37,  106,  109 
Cal-i-f6r'nl-a  48,  67,  68 
Ciil-la'6  80,  84 
Cam'brMge  52 
Cam'den  54 
Can'a-da  44,  45,  72,  73 
canals  34 

Ca-nav'er-al  49,  54 
Can-t5n'  106,  111 
can'yong  47 
Cape  Colony  118, 121 
capes  24 

Cape  Town  37,  118,  121 
capital  29 
Ca-ra'cas  37,  80,  85 
caravans  34,  112,  117,  120 
Car-ib-be'an    37,  39,   44, 

77,  80 
Car-pa'tbl-an  86,  88,  90 
Car'son  (  ity  64 
cascades  20 


Cey- 
Cha( 


Cascade  Range  39,  44,  48, 

66,  67 
Cas'pi-an   37,  86,  88,  90, 

104,  106 
cataract  20 
Cats'kill  52,  54 
cattle  31,  42,  60, 63, 66,  74, 

79, 82, 83, 84, 96, 112, 125 
Cau-ca'sian  (-shan)  28 
Cau'ca-sus  86,  90,  106 
Ca-y6n««'  (or  ki-eu')  80 
Cel'S-bSg  36,  104, 106, 123, 

124,  126 
Central  America  44,  45, 

75 

ey-16n'  37,  104-106,  109 
had  115,  116, 118 
channel  24 

Charleg'ton,  S.  C.  49, 55, 59 
Charleston,  W.  Va.  49,  58 
Chat-ta-noo'ga  62 
ChSs'a-peake  46,  49,  54, 

59 
Chey-enw«'  64 
Chi-ca'go  37,  49,  58,  61 
Chi'le  80,  83 
Chi'na  28,  106,  107,  110 
Chi-nege'  110 
CArls-ti-a'ni-a  90 
Qin-cin-na'tl  49,  58,  61 
circumference  9 
civilized  people  29 
Cleveland  49,  58,  61 
climate  25 
clouds  17,  18 
Clyde  94 
coal  32,  42,  50,  57,  60,  63, 

68,  73,  89,  93,  95,  111, 

121,  125 
coast  line  15 

Coast  Range  39,  44,  48,  67 
coffee  30,  70,  74,  75,  79, 

82,  107,  112,  122 
cold  belts  25,  26 
Co-lofirne'  90,  95 
Co-16m'bi-a  80,  84,  85 
colonies  51 
C51-o-ra'do  48,  64-66 
Colorado  R.  37,  39,  41,  44, 

46,  47,  48,  64,  65 
Co-liim'bl-a  R.  39,  41,  44, 

46-48,  64,  67,  68 
Co-lum'bus  58 
commerce  35 
compass  9 
Conc'ord  49,  52 
conditions  of  men  28 
Con-nect'i-cut  49,  52,  53 
Connecticut  R.  52 
Con-stan-tl-no'ple  37,  90, 

102,  106 


&  as         In        age 
f  go 

§  "       hag 

th  "        "        thin 

th  "        "        the 

N  similar  to        ng 
n  =  ng 

$  =  gz 

qu  =  kw 

Italic  letters  are  silent. 


continents  11,  12 
cool  belts  25,  26 
C6-pen-ha'gen  37,  90,  101 
copper  32,  42,  60,  66,  80 
coral  89,  124,  125 
corn  30,  42,  60,  63 
C6r'sl-ca  86,  90 
cotton  30,  41,  50,  63,  79, 

107,  109,  120 
crater  16 
Cu'ba  37,  39,  44,  46,  49, 

70,  75 
currents  23 
Cuz'co  (cus'-)  80 
czar  96,  97 


daily  motion  10,  26 
Dallas  49,  62,  63 
Da-mas'cus  106 
Dan'ish  America  73,  74 
Dan'ube  37,  86,  88,  90,  97 
Dar-da-nel/eg'  90 
Dav' en-port  58 
Daic'son  44,  69 
day  10 

Dead  Sea  106,  113 
Del'a-ware  49,  54,  56,  59 
Delaware  B.  46,  49,  52,  54 
Delaware  R.  46,  49,  52,  54 
delta  21,  107 
Den'mark  90,  101 
Den'ver48,  64,  66 
deserts  30 

Des  Moines'  49,  58,  61 
De-troit'  49,  58,  61 
dew  18 
di-am'e-ter  9 
di'a-mondg  32,80,107,117, 

121 
dikes  100 
directions  9, 10 
divides  20 
Dnie'per  86,  90 
Dover  Str.  86,  90,  91,  93 
drainage  38,  77,  88,  105, 

114,  125 
Dub'lin  90,  93,  94 
Du-buque'  (-buk')  49,  58 
Du-luth'  49,  58 
Dutch  100 

Dutch  East  Indies  126 
Dutch  Guiana  80,  81,  85 

E 

earthquakes  78 
earth,  story  of  7 
earthy  matter  8 
east  9 


PRONOUNCING  INDEX. 


Eastern  Continent  12 
Eastern  Hemisphere  25 
Eastern  Highland  40 
East  In'dieg  36,  123,  124 
Ec-ua-dor'  80,  84 
Ed'in-burgh  (-bur-ro)  90, 

93  94 
E'gypt  118,  119 
El-burz'  106 
emperor  29 
empires  29 
empress  29 

En'gland  (in')  90,  93,  94 
English  Channel  86,  90,  93 
equator  13,  25 
E'rie  Canal  55,  57 
Erie  L.  44,  49,  54,  58 
Es'ki-mog  45,  69,  73 
Et'na  90 

ifu-ra'sia  (-shi-a)  87 
Eu'rope  12,  37,  86-103 
Ev'er-est  104-106 
exports  35 


FaTk'land  37,  77,  80 
Fall  River  53,  55 
Far'go  49,  58,  61 
farming  31 
fertile  26 
Fez  118,  120 
Fi'ji  36,  123,  124,  126 
Fin-Is-terre'  37,  90 
#shing  30,  42,  53,  68,  89, 

101,  102,  110 
Flor'i-da  39,  44, 49,  54,  56, 

59 
fog  18 
forests  30,  41,  43,  50,  53, 

56,  60,  63,  67,  73,  74,  78, 

79,  83, 84,  89,  95, 96, 107, 

116,  121,  125 
For-mo'sa  104-106 
France  90,  95,  96 
French    possessions    80, 

81,  85,  109,  118, 124 
frost  18 
Fu-ji-^a'ma  111 


G5-lSp'a-g6s  37,  76,  77, 80 
Gal'ves-ton  49,  62,  63 
Gan'geg  104,  106,  107 
Ge-ne'va  90,  99 
Gen'o-a90,  98 
Geor'gi-a  49,  54,  56,  59 
Ger'man  Empire  90,  94,  95 
German  possessions  117, 

118,  124,  126 
gey'ser  65,  74,  126 
Gi-bral'tar  Str.  37,  86,  90, 

100" 
Gi'la  (he'-)  48,  64 
gla'ciers  (-shers)  69,  73, 

88,  99,  126' 
Gl&s'goio  90,  93,  94 
globes  13,  123 
Go'bi  104,  106 
gold  32,  43,  60,  66,  68,  80, 

81,  89,  117,  125 
Golden  Gate  68 
Good  Hope  37,  115,  118 
government  29 
Grand  Banks  42 
grand  divisions  11,  12 
Grand  Rapids  49,  58 
Great  Basin  47,  64,  65 
Great  Brit'ain  93 
Great  Central  Plain  40, 42 


Great  Lakes  39,  40,  44, 

47,  61 
Great  Powers   91 
Great  Salt  Lake  39,  44, 

64,  65 
Greece  90,  102 
Greenland  37,  39,  44,  73, 

74 
Green  Mts.  52,  55 
Guay-a-quil'  (-keV)  77, 80 
Gid-a'na  80,  81,  85 
Guin'ea  115,  117,  118 
gulfs  25 
Gulf  Stream  87 
Guth'rie  49,  62,  63 


Hag«e  90 
hail  18 

Hai'ti  39,  44,  70,  75 
half  civilized  people  29 
Hal'i-fax  44,  73 
Ham'burg  37,  90,  95 
harbor  24 

Har'ris-burg  49,  54 
Hart'ford  49,  52 
Hat'ter-as  44,  46,  49,  54 
Ha-vfin'a  37,  44,  70 
Ha-wai'ian  I.  (-yan)  36, 

71,  126 
heat  10 

Hgb'ri-des  90,  93 
Height  of  Land  40 
Hel'e-na  48,  64 
hem'I-sphereg  13,  25 
herding  31 
highlands  16 
hills  15 

Him-a'la-ya  104-106 
Hin'du  Kush  104,  106 
Hin'dug  108,  109 
Hin-du-stan'  106 
Ho-ang'  36,  104,  106,  107 
Ho'bart  124 
Ho 'bo-ken  57 
hogs  31,  "42,  60,  102,  110 
Hol'land  100 
Hon'do  104,  106 
Hong-kong'  36,  106,  111 
H6-no-lu'lu  36,  71 
Horn  36','  37,  77,  80 
horses,  31,  79,  83,  96 
hot  belts  25,  26 
Hot  Springs  62 
hot  springs  63,  65,  126 
Hud'son  Bay  37,  39,  44 
Hudson  R.  49,  52,  55,  57 
Hun'ga-ry  90,  97 
Hu'~ron  44,  46,  49,  54,  58 
hur'ri-eane  16 


icebergs  69,  73,  92 
Ice'land  37,  39,  44,  74 
I'da-ho  48,  64,  65 
Il-li-nois'    {or  -noig')  49, 

58,  60 
imports  35 

In'dl-a  43,  106,  108,  109 
In-di-an'a  49,  58,  60,  61 
In-di-Sn-ap'o-lis  49,  58 
In'di-an  Ocean   12,   104, 

106,  115,  118,  123,  124 
In'di-ang  43,  69,  75,  81, 

84,  85 
Indian  Ter.  49,  62,  63 
In'do-Chi'na  106,  109 
In'diis  37,  104,  106 
I'6-wa  49,  58,  60 


I-ran'  104 
Ire'land  90, 93,  94 
I'rish  Sea  90,  93,  94 
Ir-kutsk'  36,  106,  112 
iron  32,  33,  42,  56,  57,  60, 
63,  83, 89,  93,  95,  111,  125 
irrigation  48,  68,  83 
is'lands  11 
istfj'mus  24 
It'a-ly  90,  98 


Jack'son  49,  62 
Jack'son-vilte  49,  54 
Ja-mai'ca  39,  44,  70,  75 
JfH>an'  36,  106,  111,  112 
Jap-a-nese'  112 
Japan  Sea  36,  104,  106 
Ja'va  36,  123,  124,  126 
Jef 'fer-son  City  49,  58 
Jer'gey  City  52,  54,  57 
Je-ru'sa-lem  106,  113 
Jo-han'nes-burg(yo-)  118, 

122 
Ju-an'  Fer-nan'dez  (hoo-) 

(-deth)  76,  77,  80 
Ju-neau'  (-no)  69 
jungles  107 


Ka'bul  106 
kai'ger  95 
Ka-la-hii'ri  115,  118 
K&m-chat'ka  106 
Ka-me-run'  115,  118 
Kan'sas49,  58,  60,  61 
Kansas  City  49,  58,  61 
Ka-ta/j'din  52 
Ke'ni-a  115,  118 
Ken-tuck'y  49,  58,  60 
Key  West  49,  54,  59 
KAar-tum'  118 
K*el-at'  106 
KWvii   106 

Kll-i-man-ja-ro'  115,  118 
Kim'ber-ley  118,  121 
kingdoms  29 
kings  29 
Kldn'dlke  69,  73 
JTnox'vIHe  62 
Kon'go   R.  37,  115,   116, 
118, 121 ;  State  118,  121 
K6-re'a  104,  106,  111 
Kuen-lun'  104,  106 


LSb-ra-dor'  39,  44,  72 
Lad'6-ga  86,  90 
lake  19 

land  and  sea  8 
Lan'sing  49,  58 
Lii  Paz'  (path')  80,  84 
Lap'land  90,  101 
latitude  13,  37 
la'va  16 
Lawr'ence  52 
laws  29 

LSad'viUe  64,  66 
Le'na  36,  104,  106 
level  of  the  sea,  15,  38 
Li-be'ri-a  118,  122 
light  10 
lighthouse  23 
Li'mii  80,  84 
Lin«'6m  49,  58 
Lig'bon  90,  100 
Little  Rock  49,  62,  63 


Liv'er-pool  37,  90,  93,  94 
living  things  26,  27 
Ma'mag  79 
Ua'nog  77,  79 
L6'gan,Mt.  39,  44 
Ldn'ddn  37,  90,  93,  94 
Long  Island  52,  54,  57 
16n'gi-tude  13 
Los  An'gel-es  (-hel-)  48, 

67,68 
Lou-i-gi-a'na  48,  62,  63 
LoVls-vilfe  (or  -is-)  49,  58, 

61 
Low'ell  52,  55 
Lower  California  39,  44 
lowlands,  16 
Lynch'burg  54 
Lynn  52 


Mac-ken'zte  37,  39,  40,  44 
Mad-a-gas'car    37,     115, 

118   122    ~ 
Ma-d§i'ra  37,  115,  118 
Mad'i-son  49,  58 
Ma-dras'  106,  109 
Ma-drid'  90,  100 
Ma-gel7an  76,  77,  80 
Maine  49,  52,  53 
Ma-lac'ca   104,   106,  123, 

124 
Ma-lay'  Pen.  104, 106, 123, 

124 
Ma-lay§'  28,  109,  126 
man  27 
Man'ches-ter,  Eng.  90, 93, 

94;  N.  H.  49,  52,  55 
Man-chu'ri-a  106 
Man'da-lay  106 
Man-hat' <an  57 
Ma-ni'la  36,  71,  124 
manufactures  33 
maps  14 
Ma-ra-eoi'bo  80 
Mar'mo-ra  90 
Mar-seilte'  37,  90,  96 
Ma'ry-land  (mer'-)  49,  54, 

56 
Mas-sa-chu'setts  49, 52, 53 
ma'te83 
means  of  communication 

33,  34 
Mec'ca  106 
Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an  37,  86, 

87,  90,  104,  106,  115,  118 
Me-kong'  36,  104,  106 
Melbourne  36,  124,  125 
Mem'phis  49,  62,  63 
Men-do-ci'no  37, 44, 48,  67 
Mer-ca'tor  map  36,  37 
merchandise  35 
Me-rid'i-an  62 
meridians  13 
Mer'ri-mac  52,  53 
metals  32 
Mex'I-co  44,  45,  46,  48,  62, 

65,  67,  74,  75 ;  City  44, 

75;  Gulf  37,  39,  44,  46, 

49  54   62 
Mich'I-gan  49,  58,  60 
Michigan,   L.  44,  46,  49, 

54,  58 
Mil'an  90 

Mil-wau'kee  49,  58,  61 
minerals  32 
mines  32 

MIn-»e-&p'o-lis  49,  58,  61 
Min-ne-so'ta  »,  58,  60 
Mis-sis-slp'pl  Basin  47,  79 
Mississippi  R.  37,  39,  40, 


44,  46,  47,  49,  58,  62; 

State  49,  62,  63 
Mis-soa'rl  R.  37,  39,  40, 

44,  46,  49,  58,  64 
Missouri,  State  49,  58,  60 
Mitch' ells  Peak  54 
M6-bile'  49,  62,  63 
Mo'cha  (-ka)  37,  106,  112 
Mo-ham'med  108 
Mon-go'li-a  106 
M8n-ta'na  48,  64,  65 
Mon*  BlaNc  88,  90 
Mon-te-vi'de-d  37,  80,  83 
MSnt-gdm'er-y  49,  62 
Mont-pe'U-er  49,  52 
Mont-re-al'  37,  44,  49,  73 
moon  8 
Mor'mong  66 
M6-roc'  cb  37,  118,  120 
MSs'cow,  90,  97 
moun't«ing  15,  16 
Mount  McKin'le?  39,  128 
mouth  of  a  river  19 
M6-zam-bique'(-bek')118 
Mu'nich  (-nik)  90 
Mur'ray  36,  123-125 

N 

Na'pleg  37,  90,  98 

Nfish'vilte  49,  62,  63 

Natch'ez  62 

nation  29 

natural  gas  42,  59,  60 

Ne-bras'ka  49,  58,  60 

negroes  28,  45,  70,  75,  81, 

117,  120,  121 
Nel'son  37,  39,  44 
Neth'er-landg  90,  100 
Ne-va'da  48,  64,  65 
New 'ark  49,  54,  57 
New  Bed'ford  52 
New  England  46,  52,  53, 

54 
New'f  ound-land  37, 39, 44, 

73  _ 
New  Gwin'ea  36, 123,  124, 

126 
New  Hamp' shire  49,  52, 

New  Ha'ven  49,  52,  55 
New  Jer'gey  49,  52,  54,  56 
New  Mex'i-co  48,  64,  66 
New  Or'le-ang  37,  44,  49, 

62,  63 
New'port  49,  52 
New  South  Waleg  124 
New  York  Bay  49,  54,  57 ; 

City  24,  37,  44,  49,52,54, 

57  ;  State  49,  52,  54,  56 
New  World  43 
NewZea'land  36, 123, 124, 

126 
Ni-ftg'a-ra  Falls  54 
Ni-ea-ra'gua  Canal  37 
Nicaragua  L.  39,  44 
Ni'ger37,  115,  116,  118 
night  10 

Nij'ni  NSv-go'rSd  90,  97 
Nile  37,  115,  116,  118 
north  9 
North  America  11,  12,  37 

38-76 
North  Car-o-li'na  49,  54, 

56 
North  Da-ko'ta  49,  58,  60 
North  Frigid  Zone  25,  26 
North  Sea  37,  86, 89,  90, 93 
North  Star  9,  16 
North  Temperate  Zone  25, 

26 


6 


PRONOUNCING  INDEX. 


northern  hemisphere  13 

Nor'way  90,  101 

No'va  Sco'tia  (-shl-a)  39 

44 
Nii'M-a  114,  118 
Ny-as'sa  (ne-)  115,  118 


d'a-sis  112, 120 
5b  37,  104,  106 
ocean  11,  22,  23 
O-ce-a'nI-a  (-she-)  11 
O-dSs'sa  37,  90,  96,  97 
O-hi'o  R.  39,  44,  46,  49, 

54.58 
Ohio,  State  49,  58,  60,  61 
O-khotsk'  36,  104,  106 
Ok-la-ho'ma  49,  62,  63 
O-lym'pi-a  48,  67 
O'ma-ha  49,  58,  61 
O-man'"l06 
O-ne'ga  86,  90 
On-ta^ri-o  44,  46,  49,  52, 

54,  58,  107 
Orange  R.  115,  118 
Orange    R.    Colony    118, 

121,  122 
ore  32 

Or'e-gon  48,  67 
O-iCno'co  37,  77,  79,  80 
O-ri-za'ba  (-tha'-)  39,  44 
ostriches  116, 117,  121 
Ot'ta-wa  37,  44,  49,  52,  73 
oysters  56,  59 


Pa-cif 'ic  Ocean  11,  12,  25, 

36,  39,  44,  46,  48,  64,  67, 

71,  77,  80,  104,  106,  123, 

124 
Pacific  Slope  43,  47 
Pii-mir'  104,  105 
pam'pas  77,  79 
Pan-a-ma'  37,  77,  80,  84 
Pii-ra'  37,  80,  82 
Pa-rii-gurty'  80,  83 
parallels  13,  14,  89 
Pftr-a-mar'i-bd  80 
Pii-ra-na'  77,  80 
Par'is  37,  90,  96 
Pat'er-son  54,  57 
Paw-tiick'et  52 
peaks  16 

Pe-king'  36,  106,  111 
pen-in'su-lag  24 
Penn-syl-va'ni-a    49,    54, 

56,  57 
Pe-6'rl-a  49,  58 
PSr-nam-bu'co  80,  82 
Per'sia  f -shi-a)  106,  113 
Persian  'Quit  104,  106 
Pe-ru'  80,  84 
pf-tro'le-um    32,   42,   56, 

60,  84,  89,  96 
Phil-a-del'phi-a  37, 44, 49, 

54,57 
Phll'ip-plne  36, 70, 71, 123, 

124,  126 
Pierre  49,  58 
Pikes  Peak  64,  65 
Pitts'burg49,  54,  58,59 
plains  15 
plans  14 
plants  26,  30 

§la-teau'  (-to')  16 
'lateau  States  65,  66 
poles  13 

Pom-pe'ii  (-ye)  98 
ponds  19 


Port'land,  Me.  49,  52,  55 
Portland,  Ore.  48,  67,  68 
Por'to  Ri'co  37,  39,  44,  70, 

71 
Port  Sa-Id'  118 
Ports'mouth,  N.  H.  52 
Por'tu-gal  81,  90,  99 
Por'tu-gnege  1 18 
P6-to'mac  46,  49,  54 
Pre-tor'I-a  118,  122 
Pri-bi-lof  (-16V)  39,  44 
promontories  24 
Prov'i-dence  49,  52,  55 
Prussia  (prush'a)  95 
Pneb'16  (pweb-)  64 
pueblo  66 
Pu'get  67 
pyramids  119 
Pyr'e-nees  86,  88,  90 

a 

quarries  32 

Que-bec'  44,  49,  52,  73 
queen  29 
Queeng'land  124 
quicksilver  99 
Quin'cy  (-zi)  58 
Qui'to  (ke'-)  80,  85 


races  of  men  28 

Ra-cine'  58 

railroads  27,  34 

rain  18 

Rai'nier  67 

Ra'leigh  (-la)  49,  54 

rapids  20 

Red  Race  28 

Red  Sea  37,  104,  106,  115, 

118 
reindeer  31,  72,  73,  74, 89, 

107 
relief  maps  39,  46,  77,  86, 

104,  115,  123 
republic  29 
revolution  26 
RMne  86-88,  90,  95 
Rfcode  Island  49,  52,  53 
rice  30,   41,  56,  63,  107, 

110,  113,  126 
Rich'mond  49,  54,  59 
ridge  15 
rills  18 
Ri'o  de  Ja-ne'i-ro  (zha-) 

37,  80,  82 
Ri'o  de  la  Pla'ta  37,  76, 

77,  79,  80,  83 
Ri'o  Gran'de  37,  39,  44, 

49,62 
river  basin  20 
rivers  19,  20 
river  system  20 
R<5ch'es-ter  49,  54,  57 
rock  8 
Rocky  Mountains  39,  40, 

44,  47,  48,  64 
Rome  90,  98 
rotation  26 
RdVter-dam  101 
RoM-ma'ni-a  90,  102 
rubber  30,  79,  82,  84,  116, 

121,  122 
Russia  (riish'a)  90,  96,  97 

S 

Sae-ra-men'to  48,  67 
8ag'I-naw  58 


Sa-ha'ra  114, 115,117,118, 

120 
St.  Au'gus-tlne  54,  59 
St.  Ber'nard  99 
St.  He-lerna  115,  117 
St.  Law'rence  37,  39,  40, 

44,  46,  49,  52,  54 
St.  Lom'is  37,  44,  49,  58, 

61  " 
St.  Paul  49,  58,  61 
St.  Pe'ters-burg  37, 90, 97 
Sa-kha-lin'  104,  106 
salt  32,  60,  97 
Salt  Lake  City  48,  64,  66 
Sa-mo'a  36,  126 
San  FrSn-cis'-eo  36, 44,  48, 

67,  68 
San'ta  Fe'  48,  64,  66 
San-ti-a'go  80,  83 
Santiago  de  Cuba  70 
San'tos  80,  82 
Sao  (sown)  Francisco  77, 

80 
Sar-din'i-a  86,  90,  98 
Sas-katch'e-wan    37,   39, 

41,  44     ~ 
savage  people  28 
Sa-van'naA  49,  54,  59 
scale  14 

S«an-di-na'vl-an  86 
S«6t'land  90,  93,  94 
Seran'ton  54 
seasons  25,  26 
Se-at'fle37,  48,  67,68 
Seme  90,  96 
SSn-e-gal'  118 
S$-ouV  106 
Servvi-a  90,  102 
shape  of  the  eartli  8 
sheep  31,  42,  60,  66,  68, 

79,  82,  83,  100,  107, 112, 

121,  125 
shore  forms  23,  24 
Si-am'  106,  109 
Si-be'ri-a  106,  112 
SIc'I-ly  86,  90,  98 
Si-er'ra  Le-6'ne  118,  122 
S'i-erra  Ne-va'da  39,  44, 

48,  67 
silk  57,  89,  95,  98, 110,  111 
silvas  77,  78,  79 
silver  32,  43,  66,  74,  80,  84 
Sin-ga-pore'  106,  109 
Sioux  (soo)  City  49,  58 
Sit'ka  44,  69 
Skag'er  Rack  90 
slopes  15 

Smyr'na  (smer'-)  106, 113 
snow  18 
So-fi'a  90 
soil  8 
sound  24 
source  19 
south  9 
South   African  Republic 

121 
South  America  11,  12,  37, 

76-85,  114 
South  Australia  124 
South  Car-6-li'na  49,  54, 

56 
South  Da-ko'ta  49,  58,  61 
southern  hemisphere  13 
South  Frigid  Zone  25,  26 
South  Pole  11,  12,  13 
South  Temperate  Zone  25, 

26 
Spam  90,  99,  100 
Sphinx  119 
sponge  59,  89 
springs  19 


Star-Spangled  Banner  51 
state  51 
steppes  96,  107 
Stdck'holm  90,  101 
strait  24 
Su'-ere  80,  84 
Su-dan'  115,  118,  120,  121 
Su-ez'  Canal  37,  106,  118 
sugar  30,  41,  63,  70,  71,  74, 

75,  79,  82,  95,  107,  109, 

119 
Su-ma'tra  106,  123,  124, 

"126 
sun  10 

Su-pe'ri-or  44,  46,  49,  58 
surface  of  the  land  15 
Sus-que-han'na  52,  54 
Swe'den  90,  101 
Swit'zer-land  90,  99 
Syd'ney  36,  124,  125 
Syr'a-euse  54 


Ta-co'ma  48,  67,  68 
T&l-ta-h&s'see  49,  54 
Ta-na'na-ri-vo'  118 
Tan-gan-yi'ka  115,  118 
Tash-kend'  106 
TSs-ma'ni-a  36,  123,  124, 

126 
tea  30,  83,  107,  109,  110, 

111 
Te-heran'  106,  113 
telegraph  34 
telephone  27,  34 
telescope  27 
Ten-nes-see'  49,  62,  63 
territory  51 
Tex'as  49,  62,  63 
Thames  (t8mz)  37,  93 
Tfei-an'  Shan  104,  106 
Ti-bet'  104-106 
tides  23 
Ti-en'tsin  106 
Ti-er'i-a  del  Fue'go  77,  80 
Tim-buk'tu  118,  121 
tin  32,"89,  109,  126 
Tit-i-ea'-ea  77,  80,  84 
To-can-tins'  77,  80 
T6'ki-o  36,  106,  112 
T6-le'do  49,  58 
To-pe'ka  49,  58 
Torrid  Zone  25,  26 
trade  35 

transportation  34,  35 
Trfins-vaol'  121 
travel  34 
Tren'ton  49,  54 
Tri-este'  90,  97 
Trip'o-H  118,  120 
Tropic  of  Can'cer  25 
Tropic  of  Cap'ri-corn  25 
Troy  54 
tundras  97,  107 
Tu'nis  118,  120 
Tur-kes-tan'  106 
Tur'key  90,  102 


United  Kingdom  93 
United  States  36,  37,  44, 

45,  46-71 
U'ral  Mts.  86,  88,  90,  104, 

106 
Ural  R.  86,  90,  104,  106 
TJ-ru-guay'  80,  83 
U'tah  (or  -ta)  48,  64,  65 


Vaal  R.  Col.  118,  121, 122 
valley  15 

Val-pa-rai'so  80,  83 
Van-cou'ver  I.  39,  44 
vapor  17 

Ven-e-zue'la  80,  84,  85 
Ven'fce  90,  98 
Ve'ra  Cruz  (crus)  37,  44, 

75 
Ver-mont'  49,  52,  55 
Ve-su'vi-us  90,  98 
Vicks'burg  49,  62,  63 
Vic-to'rI-a  Ny-an'za  115, 

116,  118 
Vi-en'Ha  37,  90,  97 
Vir-iin'I-a  49,  54,  56 
Vla3i-v6s-t6k'  106 
volcanoes  16 
Vol'ga  86,  88,  90 

W 

Wales  90,  93,  94 
warm  belts  25 
War'saw  90 
Wii'sateh  64 

Wash'ing-ton,  City  37, 44, 
49,  51,  52,  54,  59 ;  State 

48,  67,  68 
water  17-20 
waterfalls  20 
water  power  33,  53 
waves  22,  23 
weather  25 

wells  19,  32 
Western  Australia  124 
Western    Continent   11 
Western  Hemisphere  13, 

25 
Western  Highland  39,  40, 

43 
West  In'dies  37,  39,  44, 

49,  70,  74 
WestVir-gin'i-a49,  58,  60 
wheat  30,  42,  50,  60,  68, 

82,  83,  89,  96,  97,  119 
Wheel'ing  49,  58 
White  Mts.  52,  55 
White  Race  28,  43.  81,  91, 

108,  117,  125 
White  Sea  86,  90 
Wil-fii'mette  67 
Wil'ming-ton,  Del.  49,  52, 

54,59;  N.  C.  49,  54, 59 
winds  17 

Win'wi-peg  39,  44 
Wis-con'sin  49,  58,  60 
Worces'ter  52,  55 
Wy-6'ming  48,  64,  66 


Yang'tze  37, 104,  106,  107 
year  26 

yearly  motion  26 
Yellow  Race  28,  45,  91, 

108 
Yellowstone  Park  64,  65 
Yen-i-se'i  104,  106 
Y6-k6-ha'ma  36,  106,  112 
Y6-sem'i-te  68 
Yu-ca-tan"  39,  44 
Yii'kon  36, 39,  41,  44,  69 


Zam-be'zi  115,  116,  118 
Zan'zf-bar  118 
zones  25s  26 


ELEMENTARY    GEOGRAPHY. 


1.    THE   STORY   OF   THE   EARTH. 

As  we  walk  through  the  fields  or  along  the 
country  roads  or  in  the  city  parks  we  see  the 
grass,  the  flowers,  the  trees,  and  the  land  from 
which  they  grow.  "We  may  see  also  people 
and  animals  moving  from  place  to  place. 

When  we  look  up  we  see  the  sky  and  the 
clouds.  Sometimes  rain  or  snow  is  falling. 
In  the  evening  we  may  see  the  moon  and  the 
stars.  There  are  many  useful  and  beautiful 
things  about  us,  which  supply  our  wants  and 
give  us  pleasure. 

What  we  see  of  the  land  at  one  time  is  but 
a  very  small  part  of  the  earth.  Our  own 
country  stretches  away  for  a  great  distance, 
and  beyond  it  are  other  lands  with  strange 
animals  and  strange  people,  where  the  flowers, 


fruits,  and  trees  are  different  from  those  which 
grow  where  we  live. 

If  we  wish  to  know  about  things  of  the  earth 
which  we  have  not  seen,  we  may  learn  of  them 
from  books  and  pictures  made  by  people  who 
have  seen  them. 

Tell  what  you  can  see  in  the  picture  at  the  begin- 
ning of  this  lesson.  Name  a  kind  of  tree  which  you 
have  never  seen  except  in  a  picture.  Name  an 
animal  which  you  have  read  about,  but  have  never 
seen.  Is  there  anythiug  shown  in  the  picture  that 
you  have  never  seen? 

The  things  that  we  see  around  us,  such  as 
hills,  brooks,  fields,  flowers,  trees,  and  animals, 
and  what  we  may  learn  about  them  from 
books  and  pictures,  tell  us  the  story  of  the 
earth. 

The  story  of  the  earth  is  Geography. 


8 


■ 

■ 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


2.    LAND    AND    SEA. 

We  have  seen  a  picture  of  land ;  here  is  one 
of  land  and  sea.  The  sea  covers  about  three 
fourths  of  the  earth's  surface. 

In  traveling  over  the  land  we  may  see,  here 
and  there,  large  beds  of  rock.  Such  beds  are 
found  in  all  parts  of  the  earth,  but  most  of 
them  are  covered  by  water,  or  by  earthy  matter 
such  as  loose  rock,  sand, 
and  soil,  from  which 
trees,  grass,  and  other 
plants  are  growing. 

Much  of  this  earthy 
matter  was  once  rock, 
which  has  been  broken 
and  ground  in  many 
ways.  How  this  has 
been  done  we  shall 
learn  later.  Find  some 
coarse  sand  and  some 
fine  sand.  Sand  is 
loose  grains  of  rock. 
We  can  grind  up  rock 
so  as  to  form   sand. 

Wherever  we  may  go, 
either  on  land  or  on  the  sea,  there  is  solid  rock 
beneath  us.  Sometimes,  as  we  have  seen,  it  rises 
above  the  surface  of  the  soil,  and  sometimes 
it  lies  far  below  us  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea. 


The  moon  as  seen  through  a  spyglass. 


In  looking  over  the  land  you  will  see  that  it 
is  uneven,  while  the  sea  stretches  away  smooth 
and  level.  All  land  is  more  or  less  uneven, 
while  water,  when  still,  is  always  level. 

3.  SHAPE  AND  SIZE  OF  THE  EARTH. 

You  have  all  seen  the  moon.  What  is  its 
shape!     Is  it  round  like  a  coin,  or  round  like 

a  ball!  If  we  look  at 
it  through  a  spyglass, 
we  can  see  its  shape 
very  plainly.  It  looks 
like  the  picture. 

So  we  can  see  that 
the  moon  is  round  like 
a  ball,  and  that  it  floats 
in  the  sky  like  a  great 
balloon.  If  we  could 
look  at  the  earth  from 
the  moon,  we  should  see 
that  the  earth,  too,  is  a 
great  ball  floating  in  the 
sky. 

You  have  traveled  on 
a  railroad  train,  and 
perhaps  have  been  far  enough  from  home  to 
learn  for  yourself  that  the  earth  is  very  large. 
If  you  could  ride  day  and  night  in  a  train 
running  thirty-five   miles  an  hour,  it  would 


HOW  TO  FIND  DIRECTIONS. 


take  about  a  month  for  you  to  travel  25,000 
miles,  which  is  the  distance  around  the  middle 
of  the  earth. 

Get  some  one  to  show  you  a  tree  or  building  that 
is  just  a  mile  from  your  schoolhouse.  If  you  live  in 
a  city,  find  out  how  many  blocks  make  a  mile.  A 
man  can  walk  about  three  miles  in  an  hour. 

The  greatest  distance  through  any  ball  is 
about  one  third  as  much  as  the  greatest  dis- 
tance around  it.  As  the  greatest  distance 
around  the  earth  is  about  25,000  miles,  what  is 

the  greatest  distance 
through  it!  How  do 
you  find  this? 

Perhaps  you  may 
have  learned  the 
meaning  of  circum- 
ference and  diame- 
ter. If  you  have 
not,  remember  that 
the  circumference 
of  a  ball  is  the  greatest  distance  around  it,  and 
the  diameter  is  the  greatest  distance  through  it. 


4.    HOW   TO   FIND   DIRECTIONS. 

Direction  means  toward  something.  "  In  the 
direction  of  the  schoolhouse  "  means  toward 
the  schoolhouse;  "in  the  direction  of  home" 
means  toward  home. 

In  our  own  neighborhood  we  may  think  of 
any  well-known  point  as  a  direction  point ;  thus, 
the  Town  Hall.  In  the  great  world,  however, 
some  direction  points  must  be  chosen  on  which 
all  people  agree. 

There  is  a  certain  point  upon  the  earth 
called  the  North  Pole,  and  directly  opposite, 
on  the  other  side  of  the  earth,  is  another  point 
called  the  South  Pole.  These  two  points  are 
taken  as  direction  points  by  the  people  of  all 
countries. 

From  any  point  on  the  earth,  toward  the 
North  Pole  the  direction  is  north,  and  toward 


the  South  Pole  it  is  south.  The  directions  east 
and  west,  anywhere  upon  the  earth,  are  squarely 
crosswise  to  those  of  north  and  south.  In  our 
country  the  sun  rises  nearly  east  of  us,  and  sets 
nearly  west  of  us,  and  the  sun 
at  noon  casts  all  shadows  di- 
rectly toward  the  north. 

Point  with  your  right  arm 

to   the  place  where  the  sun 

and  at  the  same  time 


The  shadows  at  noon  point  north. 

point  with  your  left  arm  to  the  place  where  it 
sets;  you  will  then  be  facing  the  north. 

Directly  over  the  North  Pole  is  the  North  Star. 
To  find  the  North  Star,  look  for  a  group  of  stars 
shaped  like  a  dipper.  A  line  through  the  two 
outside  stars  of  the  Dipper 
would  pass  near  a  single 
bright  star ;  look  for  this  in 
the  sky ;  it  is  the  North  Star. 


The  Dipper  and  the  North   Star. 

Directions  may  be  found  also  by  means  of 
the  compass,  the  needle  of  which  always 
points  north  or  nearly   so. 


10 


INTRODUCTORY  LESSONS. 


Remembering  that  east  and 
west  are  crosswise  to  north  and 
south,  we  know  that  when  we 
face  the  north  our  right  side  is 
toward  the  east  and  our  left 
side  is  toward  the  west.  Half- 
way between  north  and  east  is 
northeast.  •  Where  is  southeast  ? 
Southwest?    Northwest? 

Point  north  from  your  schoolhouse. 
How  do  you  know  that  that  direction 
is  north?     What  direction  is  opposite 
north?     Find  east.     West.      Let  each  pupil  tell  in  what 
direction  from  the   schoolhouse  he  lives. 

5.    LIGHT   AND   HEAT. 

The  earth's  light  comes  from  the  sun.  It 
shines  upon  the  half  of  the  earth  that  is  toward 
the  sun.  On  the  side  where  the  sun's  light  shines 
it  is  day.  On  the  side  where  the  sun's  light  does 
not  shine  it  is  night. 

If  the  earth  did  not  turn,  one  side  would 
always  have  day,  and  the  other  night ;  but  the 
earth  turns,  so  that  the  part  that  is  now  toward 
the  sun  and  in  the  light  will  in  a  few  hours  be 
in  darkness,  and  the  part  that  is  now  in  dark- 
ness will  then  be  in  the  light. 

It  looks  to  us  as  if  the  sun  moves,  and  we  say 
that  it  rises  and  sets,  when,  really,  it  keeps  in 
one  place.  When  we  went  to  bed  last  night,  our 
part  of  the  earth  bad  moved  around  out  of  the 
sunlight,  and  all  through  the  night  the  earth 
was  steadily  turning,  bringing  us  again  to  the 
light  of  the  sun  and  the  morning  of  a  new  day. 

At  home,  this  evening,  place  a  lighted  lamp  on  a 
table.  The  lamp  sends  its  rays  of  light  throughout  the 
room,  just  as  the  sun  sends  out  its  rays.  Hang  an  ap- 
ple in  the  room  by  a  piece  of  twine.  Now  observe  that 
half  the  apple  is  lighted  by  the  rays  from  the  lamp, 
while  the  other  half  is  not.  Just  so  the  earth  is  lighted 
by  the  sun.  Now  cause  the  apple  to  spin  slowly  on  the 
string.  The  parts  that  were  in  darkness  come  around 
into  the  light,  and  the  parts  in  the  light  go  around 
into  the  shadow.  In  the  same  way  the  turning  of  the 
earth  brings  day  and  night. 


So  the  earth  is  lighted  by  the  sun. 

The  time  in  which  the  earth  turns,  or  rotates, 
once  is  called  a  day,  and  this  day  is  divided  into 
twenty-four  hours.  That  part  of  the  twenty- 
four  hours  during  which  we  are  in  the  light  is 
called  day,  and  that  part  in  which  we  are  in 
darkness  is  called  night. 

The  sun  sends  out  heat  as  well  as  light.  The 
rays  of  heat,  like  the  rays  of  light,  come 
straight  from  the  sun,  and  fall  upon  that- 
part  of  the  earth  that  is  turned  toward  the 
sun. 

The  rays  of  the  sun  strike  some  parts  of  the 
earth  more  directly  than  they  do  others ;  hence 
there  is  greater  heat  in  some  places  than  in 
others.  The  heat  rays  from  the  sun  come 
through  the  air  without  warming  it  much. 
They  warm  the  land  and  the  water,  however, 
and  these  in  turn  give  out  heat  to  the  air. 

TEST   AND  REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  is  Geography? 

2.  Of  what  is  the  earth  made  up?  How  much  more  water 
than  land  is  there?  Where  do  we  find  rock?  With  what 
is  most  of  the  rock  covered?  Compare  the  surface  of  the 
land  with  the  surface  of  the  sea. 

3.  What  is  the  shape  of  the  moon?  How  can  you  tell? 
What  is  the  shape  of  the  earth?  How  many  miles  is  it 
around  the  middle  of  the  earth?  Through  its  center? 
Draw  a  circle  and  its  diameter. 

4.  What  is  direction?  In  what  different  ways  can  you 
find  north?     How  can  you  find  south  ?     East  ?     West  ? 

5.  From  what  does  the  earth  get  its  light?  Its  heat? 
What  causes  day  and  night  ?  The  earth  rotates  once  in  how 
many  hours?     What  is  this  period  of  time  called? 


VIEWS   OF   THE   EARTH. 


11 


6.    VIEWS  OF  THE   EARTH. 

You  have  been  told  that  the  earth  is  made  of 
rock,  and  that  three  fourths  of  the  outside,  or 
surface,  of  this  rocky  ball  is  covered  with  salt 
water.  This  great  body  of  salt  water  is  called 
the  sea  or  the  ocean. 

The  rest  of  the  surface  rises  above  the  water, 
and  is  called  land.  Most  of  the  land  is  in  three 
large  masses  called  continents.  There  are  also 
thousands  of  smaller  bodies  of  land  which  rise 
above  the  water  as  islands. 

If  three  fourths  of  the  earth's  surface  is  covered 
with  water,  what  part  of  the  surface  is  land  ?  Have 
you  ever  seen  an  island  ?    A  continent  ?     The  ocean  1 


ItyWH  POLr 


*OUTH    POl-E 

1.   North  America  and  South  America. 

Here  is  a  picture  of  the  earth.  Notice  that  it 
shows  a  great  mass  of  land.  This  land  is  a 
continent,  and  is  called  the  Western  Continent. 
Point  to  some  islands. 

Notice  also  that  this  great  mass  of  land  is  in 
two  parts  or  divisions.  These  are  the  grand 
divisions  of  North  America  and  South  America. 
Our  country  is  part  of  North  America.  What 
is  the  name  of  our  country  ? 


Ask  your  teacher  to  make  a  dot  on  North  America  to 
show  where  you  live. 

The  ocean,  as  you  see,  surrounds  the  conti- 
nent and  the  islands.  As  the  continents  are 
divided  into  parts,  so  the  great  sea  or  ocean  is 
divided  into  parts.  Each  of  these  parts  also  is 
called  an  ocean. 

The  dot  upon  the  upper  part  of  the  picture 
shows  where  the  North  Pole  is.  You  have 
learned  something  about  directions;  in  what 
direction  from  North  America  is  South  Amer- 
ica? What  ocean  is  east  of  the  Western  Con- 
tinent?    What  ocean  west? 

In  the  second  picture  the  earth  has  turned 
somewhat  toward  the  east.    Notice  that  there 


llTH^t'OLB 

~/trrtc  oca. 


% 


C '  I  F I  C,       OCEAN 


2.   Pacific  Ocean 


is  but  very  little  land  in  this  picture.  What 
great  ocean  does  it  show?  Nearly  half  the 
earth  is  covered  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

East  of  this  ocean  you  may  see  the  edge  of  the 
Western  Continent,  and  west  of  it  is  a  part  of 
Australia,  the  smallest  of  the  continents.  Aus- 
tralia and  the  islands  that  you  see  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean  are  sometimes  considered  as  forming  a 
grand  division  which  is  called  Oceania. 


12 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


if  *■ 


V>1 


« 


South   poi-E 

3.   Asia  and  Australia. 

The  third  picture  shows  the  earth  turned  still 
farther  toward  the  east.  Here  you  may  see  the 
whole  of  Australia,  and  that  part  of  the  Eastern 
Continent  which  forms  the  grand  division  of 
Asia. 

West  of  Australia  lies  the  Indian  Ocean,  and 
beyond  that  appears  the  edge  of  another  grand 
division  of  the  Eastern  Continent,  called  Africa. 
What  grand  division  is  north  of  the  Indian 
Ocean?  What  small  continent  east?  What 
grand  division  west? 

Turning  still  farther,  the  earth  appears  like 
the  fourth  picture.  The  whole  of  Africa  is  now 
in  view,  and  north  of  it  is  Europe,  which  is  the 
smallest  grand  division  of  the  Eastern  Conti 
nent.  Name  all  the  grand  divisions  of  the  East- 
ern Continent.  Name  the  two  grand  divisions 
that  form  the  Western  Continent. 

The  last  picture  shows  the  earth  as  having 
turned  so  far  around  as  to  bring  the  Western 
Continent  again  in  sight.  This  picture  gives 
us  a  view  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  which  is  next 
in  size  to  the  Pacific.  Name  the  three  conti- 
nents that  we  have  seen.  The  six  grand 
divisions. 


■Sl"    I'll*   l-Oli 


4.   Europe  and  Africa. 

That  part  of  the  great  sea  or  ocean  which 
lies  around  the  North  Pole  is  called  the  Arctic 
Ocean.  Arctic  means  northern.  Around  the 
South  Pole  is  the  Antarctic  Ocean.  Antarctic 
means  opposite  to  Arctic.  Name  the  five 
oceans  shown  in  these  pictures  of  the  world. 


*fmTM_POLP 


■JOUTH    pOtB 

5.   Atlantic  Ocean. 


WHAT  GLOBES  TELL  US. 


13 


7.    WHAT  GLOBES  TELL  US. 

As  the  earth  is  a  great  ball,  or  sphere,  it  may 
be  represented  by  a  small  sphere,  called  a  globe, 
which  is  useful  in  the  study  of  geography. 

A  globe  is  made  so  as  to 
turn  upon  a  spindle.  The 
earth  turns  in  the  same 
manner,  but  not  upon  a 
real  spindle  like  that  of  a 
globe.  It  has  an  imaginary 
spindle  which  is  called  the 
axis. 

The  ends  of  the  earth's 
axis  are  called  the  poles. 
The  pole  that  lies  under  the 
North  Star,  about  which  we 
have  learned,  is  called  the 
North  Pole.  At  the  oppo- 
site end  of  the  axis  is  the 
South  Pole.  These  poles  are 
both  shown  on  a  globe. 

On  all  globes  made  to  represent  the  earth  we 
find  also  a  number  of  lines  drawn  from  side  to 
side,  and  because  throughout  their  whole  length 
these  lines  keep  the  same  distance  apart,  they 
are  called  parallels.     The  parallels  run  exactly 


equator  to  find  it.    Where  do  we  look  for  a  place 

in  south  latitude  ? 

The  lines  drawn  from  one  pole  to  another  are 

called  meridians.     They  run  exactly  north  and 

south,  and  thus  point  out  these  directions  on  a 
globe.  The  distance  east  or 
west  from  a  certain  meridian 
is  called  longitude.  Hence, 
if  we  know  that  a  place  is  in 
east  longitude,  we  must  look 
east  of  this  meridian  to  find 
it.  The  parallels  and  me- 
ridians are  all  numbered. 

Upon  a  globe  are  shown 
also  the  outlines  of  the  dif- 
ferent bodies  of  land  and 
water  into  which  the  surface 
of  the  earth  is  divided,  and 
also  the  principal  cities  and 
countries  of  the  woi"ld. 


Picture  of  a  globe. 


Parallels. 


Meridians. 


east  and  west,  and   therefore   show  us   these 
directions  correctly. 

The  parallel  that  goes  around  a  globe  midway 
between  the  poles  is  called  the  equator,  and  the 
distance  north  or  south  from  the  equator  is 
called  latitude.  Hence,  if  we  know  that  a  place 
is  in  north  latitude,  we  must  look  north  of  the 


The  city  of  Philadelphia  is 
near  the  place  where  the  par- 
allel of  north  latitude  marked  40°  crosses  the  me- 
ridian of  west  longitude  marked  75°.  If  you  have 
a  globe  in  your  schoolroom,  see  if  you  can  find  on  it 
the  name  of  this  city.  Notice  the  latitude  and  longi- 
tude of  some  other  place,  and  from  these  ask  one  of 
your  classmates  to  find  that  place  on  the  globe. 


HEMISPHERES 


Northern  and  southern. 


Eastern  and  western. 


If  we  divide  a  globe  into  halves,  each  half  is 
called  a  hemisphere.  Hemi-  means  half.  If  the 
division  is  made  along  the  line  of  the  equator  it 
gives  us  a  northern  hemisphere  and  a  southern 
hemisphere.  If  it  is  made  along  the  line  of  a 
meridian  it  gives  us  an  eastern  hemisphere 
and  a  western  hemisphere. 


14 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


< 

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0. 

HOUSE 

3  ft 


* ^  ?J "  ?s\ 


FLOWER  GARDEN 


Map  or  plan  of  house  and  flower  garden. 

8.    WHAT   MAPS   TELL   US. 

If  we  draw  upon  a  flat  surface,  as  a  sheet  of 
paper,  the  outlines  of  the  bodies  of  land  and  of 
water,  and  the  direction  lines  that  we  find  on  a 
globe,  we  shall  make  a  map.  A  map  of  a  place 
may  be  large  or  small,  just  as  a  photograph  of 
a  person  may  be  large  or  small.  Maps  may  be 
made  of  the  whole  earth's  surface  or  of  any  part 
of  it.  A  map  of  half  the  earth's  surface  is  called 
a  map  of  a  hemisphere. 

A  map  of  a  very  small  part  of  the  earth's  sur- 
face is  often  called  a  plan.  At  the  left  side  of 
this  page  is  a  map,  or  plan,  of  a  house  and 
grounds  with  a  flower  garden.  One  inch  on 
this  plan  represents  twelve  feet.  At  the  right 
is  a  plan  of  the  same  flower  garden,  but  on  a 
larger  scale.  On  this  plan  one  inch  represents 
six  feet. 

How  wide  are  the  paths  of  the  flower  garden? 
(Measure  from  either  map.)  How  long  and  wide  is  the 
garden  ?  How  large  is  the  middle  bed  ?  How  long 
and  wide  is  the  house  ? 

Every  map  is  drawn  to  a  scale;  that  is,  an 
inch  on  the  map  stands  for  some  given  number 
of  feet  or  miles  on  the  earth's  surface.  On  the 
map  of  the  United  States  (page  49)  an  inch 
stands  for  250  miles.  Maps  are  more  conven- 
ient than  globes  because  they  can  be  printed  in 


£J-  <g  l>  v-  wn  <Sp  dp  1*1  »< 


fit 


S^S^v 


Flower  garden  on  larger  scale. 

books.  They  may  also  be  made  to  show  places 
on  a  larger  scale  than  that  of  a  common  globe. 

When  you  look  at  a  map  you  must  not  think 
of  it  simply  as  colored  paper  covered  with  lines 
and  dots.  When  you  know  the  meaning  of 
these  lines  and  dots  you  can  read  a  map  as 
easily  as  you  can  read  a  story  in  a  book. 

With  a  map  or  globe  before  you  in  proper 
position  to  study,  remember  that  north  and 
south  are  along  the  meridians,  and  east  and 
west  along  the  equator  and  the  other  parallels. 
When  these  lines  are  not  shown,  north  is 
usually  toward  the  top  of  the  map. 

Draw  a  map  of  the  flower  garden  above  on  a  scale 
of  three  feet  to  one  inch.  Which  is  the  larger  map 
—one  on  a  scale  of  three  feet  to  an  inch,  or  one  on  a 
scale  of  six  feet  to  an  inch  ? 

At  the  middle  of  a  sheet  of  paper  draw  a  little 
square  to  stand  for  the  schoolhouse.  Now  above  the 
square,  near  the  top  of  the  sheet,  make  a  dot  to  stand 
for  the  North  Pole.  Draw  a  line  from  the  school- 
house  to  the  North  Pole.  What  is  the  direction  of 
that  line!  Draw  a  line  to  the  east.  West.  South. 
Northeast.     Northwest.     Southwest.     Southeast. 

On  another  sheet  draw  a  square  for  your  home. 
North  of  it  draw  a  tree.  West  of  it  draw  a  pond. 
East  of  it  draw  a  hill.  South  of  it  draw  a  church. 
In  what  direction  is  your  home  from  the  church? 
From  the  tree  ?  Draw  a  brook  from  the  tree  to  the 
pond ;  in  what  direction  does  the  brook  flow  ?  In 
what  direction  is  the  church  from  the  pond?  The 
hill  from  the  church  ? 


SURFACE    OF    THE    LAND. 


15 


p- ; ' , , —      ■  i     ij 


the  valley  to  the  top  of  the  mountain.  We  are 
much  farther  above  the  level  of  the  sea  than  we 
are  above  the  bottom  of  the  valley.  The  height 
of  all  land  is  measured  from  the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  highest  land  of  the  earth  reaches  more  than 
five  miles  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Distance  above 
the  level  of  the  sea  is  called  altitude. 


ground 


Hill,  valley,  and  mountains. 


A  slope. 

9.    SURFACE    OF 
THE   LAND. 

Here  is  a  picture 
showing  a  slope  of 
land.  It  shows  also 
the  edge  of  the  land, 
or  coast  line.  Does 
the  slope  continue  un- 
der the  water?  How 
do    you   know   this  ? 

Let  us  go  inland  from  the  coast  line  to  the  top 
of  the  hill.  What  is  a  hill?  Here  we  are  at 
the  top ;  what  do  we  see  before  us  ? 

Notice  that  the  ground  before  us  slopes  to  the 
stream  below,  and  beyond  that  it  rises  toward 
the  distant  ridge,  which  is  very  much  higher 
than  the  hill.  This  distant  ridge,  because  of  its 
great  height,  is  called  a  mountain.  What  is  the 
difference  between  a  mountain  and  a  hill? 

We  go  forward  to  the  bottom  of  the  hill  and 
are  then  at  the  meeting  point  of  two  down- 
ward slopes.     We  are  in  a  valley. 

We  now  climb  the  slope  from  the  bottom  of 


Beyond  the  mountain  top,  or  summit,  the 
again  slopes  downward  to  a  broad 
and  nearly  level  surface 
which  stretches  away  as 
far  as  the  eye  can  reach. 
A  broad  extent  of  land 
that  is  level  or  nearly  so 
is  called  a  plain. 

Does  your  schoolhouse  stand 
on  a  plain?  Do  you  live  in  a 
valley,  on  a  slope,  or  on  a 
plain?  Are  there  any  moun- 
tains near  where  you  live  ? 


Level  of  the  sea. 


A  plain. 

TEST  AND  REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

6.  What  is  a  continent  ?  An  island  ?  A  grand  division? 
What  grand  division  is  composed  of  a  continent  and  islands? 
Name  the  largest  ocean.  How  much  of  the  earth's  surface 
does  it  cover? 

7.  What  is  the  earth's  axis?  What  are  the  poles?  What 
are  parallels?  Meridians?  What  is  the  equator?  Latitude? 
Longitude?     What  is  a  hemisphere? 

8.  Explain  the  meaning  of  "  scale  "  as  applied  to  maps  and 
plans.     How  are  directions  found  on  a  map? 

9.  What  is  a  slope ?  A  mountain?  A  valley?  A  plain? 
What  is  meant  by  altitude  ?  Which  has  the  greater  altitude, 
a  hill  or  a  mountain?     What  is  meant  by  "level  "  ? 


Lava  flow  —  cooled. 


16  INTRODUCTORY  LESSONS 

10.   HIGHLANDS  AND  LOWLANDS. 

In  some  parts  of  the  world  there  are  plains 
that  lie  far  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Such 
plains  are  called  plateaus.  From  these  plateaus 
mountains  sometimes  rise  still  higher.  These 
elevated  regions,  whether  mountains 
or   plateaus,   are   called    highlands 

In  other  parts  of  the  world 
there  are  plains  that  lie  but  a 
short  distance  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  Such  regions  are 
called  lowlands.  More  peo- 
ple live  in  the  lowlands  than 
in  the  highlands.    "Why? 

You  have   seen  mountains, 
or  pictures  of  them,  and  have 
noticed  the  lofty  ridge  that  runs 
along   for   a   great   distance.       This 
is   a  mountain  range.      If   we   could 
stand  at  the  summit  of  this  range 
we  might  see  beyond  us  ridge  after  ridge,  as 
far  as  the  eye  could  reach.    A  number  of  moun- 
tain  ranges  form  a   mountain  system.      Some 
mountain  systems  are  thousands  of  miles  long 
and  hundreds  of  miles  wide. 

If  you  place  on  a  table  a  number  of  handkerchiefs 
one  upon  another,  and  push  gently  from  opposite 
sides,  what  will  be  the  result  ?  The  folds,  or  ridges, 
of  the  handkerchiefs  will  represent  a  mountain  system. 

In  looking  along  a  mountain  range  you  will 
see  here  and  there  a  portion  of  the  ridge  that 
rises  boldly  above  the  level  of  the  summit. 
This  is  called  a  peak.  Sometimes  mountain 
peaks  rise  almost  by  themselves  from  the  level 
of  a  plain.  There  are  mountain  peaks  whose 
altitude  is  more  than  five  miles. 

Here  is  a  picture  of  a  mountain  peak.  Great 
clouds  of  steam  are  pouring  like  smoke  from  its 
summit,  and  streams  of  melted  rock,  called  lava, 
are  running  down  its  slopes.  The  melted  rock 
inside  of  the  earth  often  breaks  through  the 
outer  crust,  and  forms  a  volcano.  The  opening 
from  which  the  lava  comes  is  called  a  crater. 


The  flames  that  appear  to  come 

from  the  crater  of  a  volcano  are  only 

the  glare  of  the  white-hot  lava  upon 

the  clouds  of  steam  and  gas  that  come 

from  the  same  opening.    Have  you  ever 

seen   pumice-stone  ?    It  is  lava  that  has 

been  blown  full  of  small  holes  by  the  action 

of  steam.    For  what  is  it  used  ? 

11.  THE  SEA  OF  AIR. 


"What  is  breathing?  If  the  air  were  taken 
away,  or  for  some  reason  could  not  get  into  our 
lungs,  what  would  happen?  Can  we  see  the 
air?  How,  then,  do  we  know  there  is  such  a 
thing  as  air  ? 

Much  of  the  earth's  surface  is  covered  with  a 
sea  of  water,  called  the  ocean.  In  the  same  way 
the  whole  earth  —  land  and  water  —  is  covered 
with  a  sea  of  air,  called  the  atmosphere.  It  ex- 
tends for  a  great  distance  above  the  earth,  but 
beyond  five  or  six  miles  it  is  so  thin  that  one 
could  not  live  in  it. 

You  have  seen  water  in  motion.  The  air 
moves  in  the  same  way  as  the  water  does.  You 
know  it  moves  by  feeling  its  force,  or  by  seeing 
what  it  does.  Have  you  ever  seen  a  windmill  ? 
"What  makes  it  turn  ?  What  makes  a  sailboat 
move  ?  What  is  it  that  tears  down  houses  and 
trees  in  the  path  of  a  cyclone  or  hurricane? 
What  do  you  call  air  in  motion? 


HOW    THE    LAND    IS    WATERED.  17 

12.    HOW  THE    LAND    IS  WATERED. 

Have  you  noticed  the  water  of  a  brook  flow- 
ing steadily,  day  after  day  and  month,  after 
month,  and  wondered  where  it  all  came  from? 
It  came  from  the  ocean  to  the  land,  and  we  will 
tell  you  about  its  wonderful  journey. 

When  water  lies  open  to  the  air  it  slowly 
passes  away.  We  cannot  see  it  go,  but  after 
a  while  we  can  see  that  it  has  gone.  You  have 
noticed  water  in  a  basin  or  puddles  in  a  road  dis- 
appear in  this  way.    Where  does  the  water  go  I 

It  passes  into  the  air  in  particles  so  fine  that 
we  cannot  see  them.  Water  in  this  form  is 
called   vapor.    When    water    passes   away   in 


The  sparks  fly  upward. 

What  starts  the  air  in  motion? 
Have  you  ever  built  a  bonfire  and 
watched  the  sparks  carried  upward 
by  the  warm  air  ?  If  you  fill  a  paper 
balloon  with  hot  air  it  will  go  up  to 
a  great  height.  When  air  is  heated, 
then,  it  rises.  As  the  heated  air  rises, 
the  colder  air  around  it  rushes  in  to 
take  its  place.  In  this  way  winds 
arise. 

We  have  learned  that  the  air  gets 
most  of  its  heat  from  the  land  and 
water  which  are  warmed  by  the  sun. 
In  those  parts  of  the  eai-th  that  get  the  most 
heat  the  warm  air  is  constantly  rising,  and  the 
cooler  air  on  either  side  is  moving  in  to  take 
its  place.  In  some  parts  of  the  earth  the  wind 
blows  gently  and  steadily  in  the  same  direction 
for  many  days  at  a  time. 

Winds  blowing  from  the  north  are  called 
north  winds.  Those  blowing  from  the  south 
are  called  south  winds.  From  what  direction 
do  the  east  winds  blow  ?  The  west  winds  ? 
From  what  ocean  do  the  east  winds  come, 
in  our  country?  The  west  winds?  (See  map, 
page  37.)  From  what  direction  is  the  wind 
blowing  to-day?    How  do  you  know  this? 


Sumr 


slouds 


-a  coming  thunder-storm. 


vapor  we  say  that  it  evaporates.  From  every 
wet  surface  on  the  earth  these  little  particles 
are  all  the  time  going  out  into  the  air. 

The  warmer  air  is,  the  more  vapor  it  can  hold. 
In  some  parts  of  the  earth,  where  the  air  is  al- 
ways warm,  it  loads  up  heavily  with  vapor  from 
the  ocean.  This  warm  air,  laden  with  water, 
blows  over  the  land  sometimes  for  many  days 
till  from  some  cause  it  becomes  cooled,  and  can 
no  longer  carry  all  its  load. 

When  this  happens,  the  little  particles  of 
water  that  can  no  longer  be  carried  join  one 
another,  making  larger  particles,  which  we  can 
see,  and  which  form  clouds.    When  it  becomes 


18 


INTEODUCTOEY    LESSONS. 


Go  out,  when  it  snows,  and  catch  some  snowflakes 
on  a  cold,  soft,  dark  cloth,  and  examine  them.  Use  a 
magnifying  glass,  if  you  can  get  one.  You  will  see 
forms  like  those  in  the  picture,  and  many  others  quite 
as  beautiful.     Each  one  will  have  six  points. 

When  the  raindrops  as  they  fall  pass  through 

a  layer  of  very  cold  air,  they  are  frozen ;  other 

drops  freeze  to  them,  making  them  larger,  and 

they  come  to  the  earth  as  hail. 

Sometimes    hailstones    are    so 

large  that  they  break 


still  colder  up  where 
the  clouds  are,  these 
larger  particles  join 
one  another,  making 
drops  that  fall  on  both 
sea  and  land  as  rain. 

Have  you  ever  seen 
water  collect  in  drops  on 
the  outside  of  a  pitcher  of 

ice  water,  or  on  the  inside  A  snowstorm, 

of  a  cold  window  pane  at 

your  home?     It  comes  from  the  air  in  the  room,  in 
the  same  way  that  raindrops  are  formed  outdoors. 

The  air  will  take  up  only  pure  water,  leaving 
behind  whatever  may  be  mixed  with  it.  Thus 
when  the  air  takes  water  from  the  ocean,  it 
leaves  behind  the  salt. 

Clouds  are  always  changing  form.  Often 
they  disappear  as  you  watch  them.  When  this 
occurs  you  may  know  that  the  air  up  where 
they  are  has  become  warmer,  and  the  cloud 
particles  have  changed  back  into  vapor. 

A  fog  is  only  a  cloud  near  the  ground.  If  you  were 
ever  in  a  fog  you  were  in  a  cloud.  Most  of  the  clouds 
that  we  see  are  from  one  to  three  miles  above  the  earth. 


Sometimes  the  air  up  where  the  clouds  are 
becomes  veiy  cold.  When  this  happens  the 
particles  of  water  freeze  as  they  join  one  an- 
other, and  thus  build  up  beautiful  little  crystals 
of  many  shapes,  which  fall  to  the  earth  as  flakes 
of  snow.    Snow,  then,  is  water  in  another  form. 


panes  of  glass  and 
beat  down  growing 
crops.  Animals  have 
been  killed  by  falling 
hailstones. 

In  warm,  dry  weath- 
er we  often  see,  in  the 
morning,     drops     of 
water  hanging  upon 
the  grass,  leaves,  and 
flowers.     During  the 
night     these     plants, 
becoming   cold,    have    chilled    the   air   which 
touched  them,  so  that  it  left  upon  them  a  part 
of  its  moisture.     These  drops  are  called  dew. 

In  cool,  dry  weather  we  find  frost  instead  of  dew. 
The  frost  is  formed  by  the  freezing  of  the  water 
particles  on  the  plants,  much  as  snowflakes  are 
formed  up  in  the  air.  Frost  has  beautiful  shapes  like 
those  of  snow. 

Thus  we  see  that  the  water  of  the  ocean  car- 
ried through  the  air  reaches  the  land  as  rain, 
hail,  snow,  dew,  and  frost.  Let  us  see  how 
this  water  finds  its  way  back  to  the  ocean. 


13.    HOW   THE   WATEE    GOES   BACK 
TO   THE   SEA. 

As  soon  as  the  water  from  the  clouds  reaches 
the  ground  it  seeks  to  go  lower.  Most  of  it 
sinks  into  the  ground ;  but  if  it  rains  hard,  much 
of  the  water  flows  in  little  rills  along  the  surface 
and  down  the  slopes  of  the  land. 


HOW  THE  WATER  GOES  BACK  TO  THE  SEA. 


19 


The  water  that  sinks  into  the  ground  works 
its  way  downward  between  the  loose  bits  of 
sand  and  gravel  until  it  reaches  a  bed  of  rock 
or  clay  through  which  it  cannot  pass.  It  then 
trickles  along  over  these  underground  beds  of 
rock  or  clay,  which  slope  in  much  the  same 
way  that  the  surface  does. 

Whenever  you  see  a  long  slope  of  land,  think  that 
even  in  the  dryest  weather  water  is  working  its  way 
along  not  many  feet  below  the  parched  surface. 


A  spring  —  the  source  of  a  stream. 

Did  you  ever  see  a  spring  and 
drink  of  its  clear,  cool,  sparkling 
water?     A  spring  is  the  place 
where  some  of  the  underground 
water  finds  its  way  to  the  sur 
face.     Most  rills  and  brooks  have 
their    beginnings,     or    sources,    in 
springs.     There  are  springs  at  the  bot 
toms  of  brooks  and  rivers,  and  they  have 
been  found  even  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea. 

Do  you  know  what  a  well  is  ?  It  is  a  hole  dug  or 
bored  into  the  ground  to  reach  the  underground  flow 
of  water. 

Wherever  water  runs  along  the  ground  there 
must  be  a  slope.  Sometimes  we  cannot  see  that 
there  is  a  slope,  but  the  water  is  sure  to  find  it. 
So,  when  we  see  a  stream  flowing  along  in  a 
valley  we  know  that  the  bottom  of  the  valley 
slopes  as  well  as  the  sides.  We  know  also  that 
the  stream  leads  to  the  lower  end  of  the  valley. 


As  rills  unite  and  form  larger  streams,  called 
brooks,  so  brooks  unite  and  form  still  larger 
streams,  called  rivers.  Rivers  often  unite  and 
form  still  larger  rivers,  which  pour  their  waters 
into  the  sea.  The  place  where  a  river  flows  into 
some  other  body  of  water  is  called  its  mouth. 

When  a  stream  comes  to  a  basinlike  hollow 
in  the  land,  the  water  spreads  out  and  fills  up 
the  hollow,  running  over  the  lowest  place  at  the 
edge.  A  small  body  of  water  thus  formed  is 
called  a  pond.     A  large  body  is  called  a  lake. 

Thus  we  see  that  rills,  brooks,  and  rivers  carry 
back  to  the  sea  the  water  which  was  brought 
from  it  by  the  air. 

Write  what  you  think  would  happen  if  the  ocean 

should  cease  to  give  up  its  water  to  the  air.     What 

would  become   of  the   plants?     The 

animals?     Man?     Would    there 

be    any    brooks    and    rivers? 

Would  there  be   any  fresh 

water  on  the  earth  ? 

Suppose  the  wind  should 

cease    to    blow,    could 

the  clouds  come   over 

the      land  ?        Could 

any  rain,  hail,  or  snow 

fall  upon  the  earth  ? 


TEST  AND  REVIEW 
QUESTIONS. 

10.  Tell    what   a   plateau   is. 
What     are    highlands  ?      Low- 
lands ?     What     is    a     mountain 
range  ?       A     mountain     system  ?      A 
A  lake.  peak?      What   is     said    of    the   extent   of 

some  mountain  systems?  Tell  what  a  vol- 
cano is  and  make  a  sketch  of  one.  Name  some  noted  vol- 
canoes about  which  you  have  heard  or  read. 

11.  What  is  the  atmosphere?  What  would  happen  if  we 
were  deprived  of  air?  Tell  how  winds  arise.  What  is  a 
north  wind?  An  east  wind?  How  can  you  tell  in  what 
direction  the  wind  is  blowing? 

12.  Write  or  tell  the  story  of  a  drop  of  rain.  How  is  snow 
formed?  Hail?  Dew?  Frost?  What  is  fog?  Draw  a 
picture  of  a  snow  crystal. 

13.  Tell  how  the  raindrops  get  back  to  the  sea.  What  are 
the  sources  of  most  streams?  Where  does  the  water  of  a 
spring  come  from?  Of  a  well?  What  is  a  brook?  A  lake? 
A  pond?    A  river?    Where  is  the  mouth  of  a  river? 


20 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


River  basins  and  divides. 


14.    MORE   ABOUT   RIVERS. 

You  have  learned  that  rivers  receive  the  water 
of  many  smaller  streams,  called  branches.  The 
land  that  is  drained  by  a  river  and  its  branches 
is  called  a  river  basin,  and  the  river  and  its 
branches  draining  a  river  basin  are  called  a 
river  system.  A  number  of  small  river  systems 
sometimes  unite  and  form  a  great  river  system, 
thousands  of  miles  in  extent. 

A  river  basin  is  so  called  because  the  land  slopes  in- 
ward from  the  sources  of  the  streams  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  a  dish  or  basin  slopes  from  the  rim  to  the  bottom. 

You  have  seen  the  rain  falling  on  the  roof  of 
a  house  and  running  down  on  either  side.  In 
the  same  way  the  water  falling  on  a  rise  of  land 
drains  off  in  different  directions.  Any  rise  of 
land  that  sends  the  wa- 
ter into  different  river 
basins  is  called  a  divide. 

In  some  places  a  divide 
is  a  high  mountain  range, 
and  in  others  a  very  slight 
rise  of  land.  In  our  own 
country  there  are  divides 
from  which  the  water  runs 
off  in  opposite  directions, 
and  reaches  the  sea  at 
points  more  than  two 
thousand  miles   apart. 

Let  us  take  a  trip  in 
canoes  on  a  river  and 
its  branches.    What  is 


The  water  plunges  suddenly  over  a  ledge  of  rocks. 


a  canoe?  The  water  near  the  source  of  the 
sti'eam  will  not  float  our  canoes,  so  we  must 
begin  our  trip  a  few  miles  from  the  source. 
We  soon  come  to  a  place  where  the  water  runs 
very  swiftly.  What  causes  this?  There  are 
many  dangerous  rocks  ahead  of  us,  and  so  we 
land  and  carry  our  canoes  down  the  stream  to  a 
place  where  the  water  flows  more  gently.  A 
swift  place  in  a  stream  is  called  rapids. 

At  the  foot  of  the  rapids  the  water  plunges 
suddenly  over  a  ledge  of  rocks.  Such  a  fall  of 
water  is  called  a  waterfall,  or  cascade.  When 
the  water  of  a  large  river  falls  over  a  high, 
steep,  rocky  ledge  it  fonns  a  cataract. 

Below  the  rapids  and  the  waterfall  the  stream 
run's  smoothly,  and  we  sail  past  farms  and 
villages  until  we  reach  the  river.     As  we  go 

down  the  river  toward 
its  mouth  we  have  the 
right  bank  at  our  right 
hand  and  the  left  bank 
at  our  left  hand. 

In  a  day  or  two  we 
reach  a  lai'ge  city.  Here 
we  take  a  steamboat 
and  sail  down  the  river 
and  out  to  sea.  Our 
journey  ends  at  a  fa- 
mous city  by  the  sea, 
where  many  people 
spend  their  summers. 
Name  such  a  city. 


HOW    THE    LAND    HAS    CHANGED    ITS    FORM. 


21 


15.    HOW    THE   LAND   HAS   CHANGED 
ITS   FORM. 

A  study  of  the  earth  shows  that  great  changes 
were  made  on  its  surface  before  it  became  fit 
for  man  to  dwell  upon.  Since  then  men  have 
seen  that  changes  are  still  going  on.  Most 
hills  and  mountains  are  not  so  high  as  they 
once  were,  many  valleys  are  not  so  deep,  and 
new  plains  have  been  formed  where  once  the 
sea  was. 

Let  us  see  how  changes  are  being  made  by 
water.     Stand  by  the  roadside,  after  a  hard  rain 
and  notice  the  water  running  along  in  the 
gutter.     Is  it  clear  or  muddy?     What 
is  mud  ?    Where  does  the  mud  come 
from  that  colors  the  water  in 
the  gutter?     If  you  were  to 
fill  a  large  bottle  with 
this  muddy  water 
and  let  it  stand  for 
an  hour  or  two, 
what  would  hap- 
pen?    Try  this. 

Let  us  go  to  the 
nearest  brook.  It 
is  brimful  of  rush- 
ing, muddy  water 
which  has  poured 
into  it  from  thou- 
sands of  little  rills. 
In  places  the 
brook  is  over  its 
banks,  and  when  it  drains  off,  we  shall  find 
mud,  sand,  and  small  stones  that  have  been 
spread  over  the  ground  by  the  action  of  the 
water. 

The  river  on  its  way  to  the  ocean  receives  the 
water  of  many  brooks.  Some  of  the  mud  that 
is  in  the  water  of  a  river  settles  like  that  in 
the  bottle,  but  much  of  it  is  carried  on  till  it 
reaches  the  sea. 

When  the  mud  that  reaches  the  sea  is  not 
carried  away  by  the  ocean  waters  it  settles  to 


A 

flooded 
brook. 


the  bottom  beyond  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and 
in  time  builds  up  new  land.  There  are  many 
rivers  where  the  land  has  thus  grown  for  miles. 
Sometimes  the  mud  chokes  the  mouth  of  a  river, 
and  the  water  forcing  its  way  to  the  sea  makes 
a  number  of  mouths.  The  land  between  these 
river  mouths  is  called  a  delta.     Why  ? 

The  ocean  also  is  at  work  changing  the  form 
of  the  land.  Let  us  walk  along  the  seashore. 
The  huge  waves  are  dashing  with 

great  force  against  the  land, 

wash-  mii'iiidll  ing  up  sand  and 

pebbles.  In  some 
places  wide,  sandy 
beaches  are  built 
up,  and  in  others 
they  are  carried 
away. 

Wherever     the 

shores      of      the 

ocean     are     bold 

and      rocky,      it 

would    seem    that 

the  water  could  not 

make  much  change ;  but 

year  after  year,  the  waves 

beat  against  them  with  great 

force,    and    from    time    to   time 

pieces  of  rock  are  loosened  and  fall 

into   the    water.      These    are    dashed 

and  rolled  against  one  another  until  they  are 

rounded  into  pebbles  or  ground  into  sand. 

Find  a  small  pebble.  Find  a  larger  smooth  rounded 
piece  of  rock.  There  are  plenty  of  these  along  the  sea- 
shore, and  in  the  beds  of  rivers  and  brooks.  Sometimes 
the  farmer  plows  them  up  in  fields  that  are  far  away 
from  a  river  or  from  the  sea.  Wherever  they  are  thus 
found  you  may  be  sure  that  water  has  once  been. 

You  have  all  seen  clouds  of  dust  driven  by 
the  wind.  Have  you  ever  seen  sand  piled  up 
in  heaps  by  the  wind?  In  many  places  near 
the  sea,  tall  buildings  and  even  large  forests 
have  been  covered  by  the  drifting  sand.  A 
great  deal  of  loose  earthy  matter  is  thus  shifted. 


22 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


Ice  also  has  done  much  to  change  the  surface 
of  the  land.  Did  you  ever  see  a  rain  spout 
split  or  a  pitcher  broken  by  the  freezing  of  the 
water  in  it  ?  When  water  freezes  it  swells  out 
with  great  force,  and  even  the  little  that  finds 
its  way  into  the  cracks  and  seams  of  the  rocks, 
when  it  freezes  there,  splits  off  pieces  of  greater 
or  less  size. 

In  the  very  cold  countries  near  the  poles 
there  are  great  ice  fields  covering  much  of  the 
land.  From  a  study  of  the  rocks  of  our  own 
and  other  countries,  it  is  thought  that  thou- 
sands of  years  ago  thick  fields  of  ice  covered 
large  portions  of  land  that  are  now  the  homes 
of  men. 

These  vast  ice  fields,  it  is  believed,  moved 
slowly  across  the  land,  and  as  they  moved  they 
tore  off  masses  of  rock  from  the  hilltops  and 
mountain  sides.  These  pieces  of  rock  were 
carried  by  the  ice  miles  away  from  their  na- 
tive beds.     Some  of  the  stones  were  rounded 


Bowlders. 

off  like  pebbles.  When  the  ice  melted  they 
were  dropped  here  and  there  over  the  surface 
of  the  land  as  we  find  them  to-day.  Such  rocks 
are  called  bowlders. 

On  some  mountain  tops  seashells  are  found 
in  great  numbers.  This  proves  that  in  past 
ages  the  sea  covered  this  part  of  the  land,  and 
that,  through  some  force  inside  of  the  earth,  the 
bottom  of  the  ocean  was  raised  high  above  the 


surface  of  the  water.  This  force  is  still  at  work, 
for  in  some  places  along  the  seacoast  the  water- 
marks show  that  the  land  is  rising  year  by  year, 
while  in  others  it  is  sinking. 

In  this  way  water,  ice,  wind,  and  other  causes 
have  been  steadily  at  work  ever  since  the  world 
was  made.  In  some  places  they  have  built  up, 
in  others  torn  away.  They  are  still  at  work, 
but,  in  most  cases,  so  slowly  that  it  takes  years 
before  any  great  change  can  be  noticed. 


Waves  dashing  against  a  rocky  bluff. 


16.    THE  OCEAN. 

If  we  travel  in  any  direction — north,  south, 
east,  or  west — we  will  in  time  reach  the  ocean, 
as  all  the  land  of  the  earth  is  surrounded  by  its 
waters.  Standing  upon  its  shore  and  looking 
out  over  the  water,  we  will  see  that  it  stretches 
away  until  it  seems  to  reach  the  sky.  We  may 
sail  for  weeks  on  the  ocean  without  seeing  land. 

The  water  of  the  ocean  looks  pure  and  clear 
like  that  which  flows  from  a  spring,  but  it  is 
salt  and  bitter  to  the  taste.  It  is  never  at  rest. 
Even  in  calm  weather  it  heaves  and  tosses,  and 
its  waves  break  in  long  lines  upon  the  sandy 
beach,  or  dash  against  the  rocky  bluffs.  In 
great  storms  the  ocean  waves  are  thirty  or  forty 
feet  high. 

Have  you  ever  seen  a  field  of  wheat  when  the  wind 
was  blowing  over  it  ?  It  rises  and  falls  in  waves.  In 
much  the  same  way  the  water  of  the  sea,  when  dis- 


SHORE  FORMS  OF  LAND  AND  SEA. 


23 


turbed  by  the  wind,  rises  and  falls  in  waves,  but  does 
not  have  much  forward  movement,  except  near  the 
shore,  where  the  crests  of  the  waves  topple  over  and 
rush  upon  the  beach. 

The  bed  of  the  ocean  has  its  high  and  low 
places,  like  the  land,  although  its  slopes  are  not 
so  steep.  In  some  few  places  the  water  is  more 
than  five  miles  deep,  and  the  bottom  is  covered 
with  a  slimy  mud  made  up  of  shells  so  small 
that  thousands  of  them  taken  together  would 
be  no  larger  than  a  small  grain  of  sand.  What 
do  we  use  to  examine  such  small  objects  ? 

You  have  seen  a  piece  of  chalk.  Chalk  is  made 
up  of  these  shells,  which  have  become  a  sohd  mass 
through  great  pressure.  Layers  of  chalk  are  found 
by  digging  in  the  earth,  but  wherever  we  find  them 
we  know  that  the  ocean 
once  covered  the  place. 


If  you  were  ever  at 
the  seashore  you  must 
have  noticed  that  twice 
every  day  the  water 
came  up  and  covered 
the  beach,  and  twice  a 
day  it  went  down,  leav- 
ing a  wide  stretch  of 
sand,  or  of  mud  and 
rocks,  where  the  water 
had  been.  This  move- 
ment of  the  water  is 
called  the  tide.  When 
the  water  rises  we  call 
it  the  floiv  of  the  tide, 
and  when  it  falls,  the 
ebb.  When  it  has 
reached  its  highest 
point  we  say  it  is  high 
tide.  When  is  it  low  tide  f 


A  lighthouse. 

In  many  parts  of  the  ocean  there  are  currents 
that  move  through  the  water  as  rivers  move 
on  the  land.  Some  of  these  are  cold  currents, 
coming  from  the  frozen  polar  regions,  and 
others  are  currents  whose  waters  have  been 
warmed    where    the    sun's    rays   are   hottest. 


These  currents  warm  or  cool  the  winds  that 
blow  over  them,  and  these  winds,  in  turn,  warm 
or  cool  the  land  when  they  reach  it. 

During  the  summer  months,  thousands  of 
people  go  to  the  seashore  to  enjoy  the  cool 
ocean  winds  and  the  sea  bathing.  Here  is  a 
picture  of  a  seaside  bathing  place.  It  is  low 
tide,  and  the  beach  is  covered  with  people. 
Some  are  in  the  water,  and  others  are  walking 
or  driving  on  the  sand. 

Let  us  take  a  walk  on  the  beach.  The  sand  is  wet 
and  shining  and  as  smooth  as  a  floor.  Here  is  a 
pretty  shell.  Inside  of  it  is  a  tiny  living  creature. 
Here,  also,  are  many  empty  shells  and  bunches  of 
seaweed.  Here  is  something  that  is  shaped  like  a 
star.     It  is  a  starfish.     It  seems  to  be  without  life, 

but  when  we 
place  it  in  the 
water  it  puffs 
up  its  back 
and  moves  off 
quietly.  Here 
is  a  dried-up 
starfish.  We 
will  take  this 
for  our  cabi- 
net, along  with 
a  few  shells 
and  pebbles. 

Notice  the 
high  tower  in 
the  picture. 
This  is  a  lighthouse.  Along  many  coasts  there 
are  hidden  rocks,  or  banks  of  sand  that  rise 
nearly  to  the  top  of  the  sea.  Such  coasts  are 
dangerous  to  vessels,  and  so  tall  buildings  are 
put  up,  with  strong  lights  at  the  top,  which  at 
night  shine  far  out  over  the  water.  These  tell 
the  sailor  of  his  danger  and  guide  him  safely. 

17.  SHORE  FORMS  OF  LAND  AND  SEA. 

Let  us  make  a  journey  on  the  ocean  along 
the  shores  of  our  own  country.  We  will  take 
a  steamer  from  its  largest  city.  What  is  the 
largest  city  of  our  country  I 


Sea  bathing. 


24 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


We  sail  at  first  on  a  small  body  of  water,  from 
which  we  can  see  the  land  on  either  side.    Here  are 
many  vessels.     The  land  around  us  protects  them 
from  the  heavy  waves  of  the  ocean  beyond.     A 
body  of  water  in  which  vessels  may  lie  safe  from 
ocean  storms  is   called  a  harbor.     (Look  at 
map  of  New  York  City  and  harbor,  page  57.) 

From  the  harbor  we  sail  out  through 
a  narrow  passage  into 
a  larger  body  of  wa- 
ter. A  narrow  passage 
which  thus  connects 
two  larger  bodies  of 
water  is  called  a  strait. 
Some  long  and  wide 
straits  are  called  chan- 
nels. A  strait  or  inlet 
of  the  sea  whose  wa- 
ter is  not  very  deep 
is  often  called  a  sound. 

We  are  now  on  an  arm  of 
the  ocean,  with  the  land  still  in 
sight.     A  part  of  the  ocean  that  ex- 
tends into  the  land  is  called  a  gulf,  or  bay 

Some  gulfs,  or  bays,  run  far  inland  and  have  narrow 
entrances  from  the  sea.  Others  are  wide  bends  in 
the  shores  of  the  ocean.  Some  of  the  larger  bays  are 
called  seas. 

As  we  sail  farther  southward  along  the  coast 
we  pass  two  large  bays.  In  a  day  or  two  we 
see  some  land  which,  we  are  told,  is  a  large 
peninsula.  The  word  peninsula  means  "almost 
an  island."  Why  is  this  land  called  a  peninsula  ! 
West  of  this  peninsula  is  a  very  large  gulf  or 
bay ;  can  you  give  its  name  ?  What  is  the  dif- 
ference between  a  peninsula  and  a  bay  ?  Find 
other  peninsulas  on  the  map. 

This  peninsula  ends  in  a  point  of  land 
called  a  cape.  Some  capes  are  low  and  sandy. 
They  have  been  formed  by  the  sand  which  has 
been  carried  by  the  waters  of  the  ocean  from 
other  parts  of  the  shore.  On  some  rock-bound 
coasts  there  are  high,  bold,  rocky  capes.  Capes 
of  this  kind  are  called  promontories. 


Beyond  this  peninsula  is 
a  group   of  islands.     We 
pass  through  a  strait  be- 
tween the  largest  two  is- 
lands, and  enter  a  wide  sea. 
We  sail  over  this  sea  and 
reach  the  place  to  which 
the  vessel  is  bound.     We 
are  told  that  this  city  is  on 
a  strip  of  land  which  we 
can  cross  by  rail  in  a  few 
hours  and  reach  the  great 
Pacific  Ocean  on  the  other 
side.   In  crossing  this  strip 
of  land  we  would  cross  an 
isthmus.  An 
isthmus  is  a 
neck  of  land 
connecting 
two     larger 
portions    of 
land.   What 
difference 
is  there  be- 
tween  an  isthmus  and  a   strait?    Name  the 
shore  forms  of  the  land.     Of  the  sea. 

Draw  this  map  on  your  slate,  and  write  on  it  the 
names  of  the  different  capes,  straits,  islands,  etc. 
Your  teacher  will  show  you  where  to  find  these  names. 

TEST  AND  REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

14.  What  is  the  branch  of  a  river  ?  A  river  basin  1  Why 
called  basin  ?  What  is  a  river  system  ?  What  separates 
river  basins  ?  What  are  rapids  ?  What  is  the  difference 
between  a  cascade  and  a  cataract  ? 

15.  How  has  the  form  of  the  land  been  changed  by  run- 
ning water  1  By  the  ocean  ?   By  winds  ?    By  other  forces  ? 

16.  What  causes  ocean  waves  ?  How  is  chalk  formed  1 
What  is  the  tide,  and  what  is  meant  by  its  ebb  and  flow  ? 
What  are  ocean  currents  ?  Where  do  the  warm  ocean  cur- 
rents come  from  ?  The  cold  currents  ?  How  does  the  bed 
of  the  ocean  compare  with  the  land  ?  If  you  have  been  at 
the  seaside,  write  a  story  of  what  you  saw  there. 

17.  Of  what  use  is  a  harbor  ?  What  is  a  gulf  or  bay  t 
How  do  bays  differ  in  size  and  shape  ?  What  is  a  strait  ? 
A  sound  ?  A  channel  ?  An  isthmus  1  A  peninsula  ?  A 
cape  ?     A  promontory  t   Which  of  these  have  you  seen  ? 


CLIMATE,    ZONES,    AND    SEASONS. 


25 


S0«l!L-EI«<U»_Z0i»e 


*°CTI|  FBIOID  *OS* 

THE  WESTERN  HEMISPHERE. 

18.    CLIMATE,   ZONES,   AND  SEASONS. 

What  kind  of  weather  are  we  having  to-day? 
What  kind  do  the  weather  reports  or  the  news- 
papers say  we  shall  have  to-morrow  ?  In  speak- 
ing of  the  kind  of  weather  that  we  have  generally, 
we  call  it  climate.  Thus  we  say  that  a  coun- 
try has  a  hot  climate,  a  cold  climate, 
a  temperate  climate,  a  moist 
climate,  or  a  dry  climate. 

Upon  that  part  of 
the  earth  around  which 
the  equator  passes,  the 
sun's  rays  fall  most  di- 
rectly, and  there  is  the 
hottest  climate.  Find 
the  equator  on  the  map 
above.  Name  the  coun- 
tries through  which  it 
passes.  This  hot  region 
extends  east  and  west 
around  the  earth  like  a 
belt.     It  is  called  the  hot  belt 


Climate  and  products  vary  with  the  altitude 

It  is  also  called 


Antarctic     _     Circle 
ANTARCTIC  OCEAN 

S°VT1,  fhigid  zo*» 

THE  EASTERN  HEMISPHERE. 


From  either  side  of  the  hot  belt  the  earth 
grows  colder  toward  the  poles.  Next  to  the 
hot  belt  and  on  each  side  of  it  is  a  warm  belt, 
beyond  each  warm  belt  is  a  cool  belt,  and  be- 
yond the  cool  belts  are  the  cold  polar  regions. 
The  climate  of  a  country,  therefore,  depends 
very  much  on  its  distance  from 
the  equator. 

High  up  in  the  air  over 
every  part  of  the  world 
it  is  cold  at  all  times. 
The  tops  of  very  high 
mountains  are  always 
covered  with  snow,  and 
in  plateau  regions  the 
climate  is  much  cooler 
than  in  the  low  plains 
in  the  same  belt. 

Even  in  the  hottest 
parts  of  the  earth, 
when  we  go  from  the 
lowlands    up    to     the 


the  Torrid  Zone,  which  means  the  same  thing. 


highlands,  we  pass  from  a  hot  to  a  warm  cli- 
mate, then  to  a  cool  climate,  and  then  to  a  cold 


26 


INTRODUCTORY  LESSONS. 


region,  just  as  we  would  pass  through  the  hot, 
warm,  cool,  and  cold  belts  in  going  from  the 
equator  toward  either  pole. 

The  warm  and  the  cool  belts  together  form  the 
temperate  zones.  North  of  the  equator  is  the  North 
Temperate  Zone,  and  south  of  the  equator  is  the  South 
Temperate  Zone.  The  region  around  the  North  Pole 
is  called  the  Worth  Frigid  Zone,  and  that  around  the 
South  Pole  is  called  the  South  Frigid  Zone.  Frigid 
means  "  cold." 

Our  country  is  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone ; 
that  is,  it  lies  across  the  warm  and  the  cool 
belts  north  of  the  equator.  Countries  in  these 
belts  sometimes  have  very  hot  weather,  but 
not  so  hot  as  it  is  in  the  Torrid  Zone.  Some- 
times they  have  very  cold  weather,  but  not  so 
cold  as  it  is  in  the  frigid  zones.  Taking  the 
weather  as  it  is  throughout  the  year,  we  may 
say  that  our  climate  is  temperate. 

Write  the  name  of  the  season  of  the  year 
that  we  are  now  having.  The  name  of  the 
season  that  comes  next.  What  season  comes 
after  that?  After  that?  Why  do  our  seasons 
change  in  this  way  ?  The  change  is  caused  by 
the  earth's  long  journey  around  the  sun. 

You  have  learned  that  the  earth  makes  a  rotation  on 
its  axis  once  in  twenty-four  hours.  It  takes  a  whole 
year  to  make  one  revolution  around  the  sun.  Later 
you  may  learn  how  this  causes  a  change  of  seasons. 

19.  LIVING-  THINGS-PLANTS. 

The  most  wonderful  thing  of  all  the  earth  is 
the  life  that  is  on  it.  Here  is  a  grain  of  corn. 
Let  us  plant  it.  What 
does  it  need  to  make  it 
grow  ?  It  needs  moisture 
in  the  ground.  How  is 
the  ground  made  moist  so 
that  corn  and  other  plants 
may  grow? 

After  a  time,  if  the 
ground  is  warm  enough,  a 
little  shoot  or  sprout  may  a  growing  plant. 


and  flowers. 


Trees,  ferns, 

be  seen   growing 
up  from  the   seed. 
How   is   the  ground 
made    warm    so    that 
the    sprout    may    grow 
and  become  a  living  plant  ? 

While  the  sprout  is  growing  up,  little  roots 
are  growing  down  from  the  seed  in  the  ground. 
Now  we  have  something  that  is  alive.  Plants 
are  living  things. 

To  live  and  grow,  all  plants  must  have  food. 
This  they  get  partly  through  their  roots.  They 
draw  in  water,  which  contains  some  food  that 
they  need.  The  water  gets  this  food  from  the 
ground.  Soil  that  is  rich  in  plant  food  is  said 
to  be  fertile. 

As  plants  grow,  they  put  forth  leaves; 
through  these  leaves  they  take  most  of  their 
food  from  the  air.  Could  plants  live  if  there 
were  no  air?    Why? 

Plants  do  not  grow  well  without  the  light 
of  the  sun.  How  does  a  plant  look  that  has 
been  kept  for  some  time  in  a  dark  cellar? 
Grass  will  not  grow  well  in  thick  woods ;  what 
is  the  reason  ? 

We  see,  then,  that  plant  life  needs  soil, 
warmth,  water,  air,  and  light.  Why  are  valleys 
better  fitted  for  the  growth  of  plants  than  are 
hilltops  and  mountains? 


LIVING    THINGS— ANIMALS— MAN. 


27 


20.    LIVING   THINGS-ANIMALS. 

What  other  living  things  has  the  earth  be- 
sides plants!  Name  an  animal.  What  do 
animals  need  that  plants  also  need? 

What  use  do  animals  make   of  air?    Of 
•water?     Could  they   live   without   warmth? 
How  is  light  useful  to  them?    How  do  they 
take  their  food?     Name  some  things  that  ani- 
mals eat.     Can  you  think  of  anything  which 
animals  eat  that  has  never  been  alive  ? 

Could  there  be  animals  if  there  were  no 
plants?  Why?  What  can  animals  do  that 
plants  cannot?  Name  the  different  ways  in 
which  animals  move  from  place  to  place. 

With  what  do  animals  see?  Hear?  Smell? 
Taste?  Feel?  Have  plants  any  of  these 
things?  Tell  us,  then,  how  animals  differ  from 
plants.  Which  is  the  higher  form  of  life — 
plant  or  animal? 

All  living  things  that  are  not  plants  are  ani- 
mals. Name  animals  that  walk.  That  fly. 
That  swim.  That  do  all  three.  Name  ani- 
mals that  crawl.  What  is  the  largest  animal 
that  you  ever  saw  ?     The  smallest  ? 

Name  an  animal  that  eats  plants  only.  One 
that  eats  flesh  only.  One  that  eats  both  plants 
and  flesh.  Name  an  animal  with  feathers. 
One  with  hair.  One  with  scales.  One  covered 
with  a  shell.     One  that  has  no  bones. 


21.    MAN. 

We  study  geography  that  we  may  learn  about 
the  earth  as  the  home  of  man.  By  man  we 
mean  the  human  race. 

Of  all  life  upon  the  earth  man  has  the  highest 
intelligence.  All  things  can  be  adapted  to  his 
use,  and  by  thinking  he  is  able  to  use  them. 

Only  man  can  dig  iron,  copper,  and  gold 
from  the  earth,  and  make  things  of  them.  Man 
alone  plants  seeds  and  raises  crops;  he  alone 
makes  and  uses  tools,  and  fashions  and  wears 
clothes;  and  he  alone  uses  fire. 

Many  animals  are  stronger  than  man,  but 
he  makes  them  obey  him  and  work  for  him. 
Many  are  swifter,  but  by  railroads  he  can  move 
faster  than  they.  The  weapons  that  he  makes 
are  more  deadly  than  the  teeth  and  claws  of 
the  fiercest  beasts. 

With  the  telescope  man  can  see  things  that 
are  far  away.  With  the  telephone  he  can  talk 
with  people  at  great  distances.  In  many  other 
ways  the  superior  intelligence  of  man  places 
him  above  the  lower  animals. 


28 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


22. 


RACES  OF 

MEN. 


A  black  man. 


As  we  walk  along 
a  city  street  we  see 
that  people  are  not 
alike  in  color.  Most 
of  those  we  meet  are 
white.  They  are  tall 
and  well  shaped,  and 
have  fine  features 
and  straight  or  wavy 
hair  and  beard.  They  are  of  the  leading  race 
in  the  world— the  white  race.  The  white  race 
is  known   also   as  the   Caucasian   race. 

Nearly  all  the  people  of  Europe, 
America,  Australia,  southern  Asia, 
and  the  northern  and  southern  parts 
of  Africa  are  of  this  race. 

Here  comes  a  man  who  is  black. 
Notice  his  close,  curling  hair,  his  flat 
nose,  and  his  thick  lips.  He  is  a 
Negro,  and  is  of  the  black  race.  There 
are  many  Negroes  in  our  country, 
but  the  home  of  the  race  is  in  Africa. 
Let  us  look  through  this  window 
with  its  queer  signs.  Here  are 
some  odd-looking  men  at  work 
ironing  clothes.  The  color  of 
these  men  is  a  sort  of  yellow,  their  eyes  are 
set  slantwise,  and  they  have  long,  straight, 
black  hair,   and  but  little   beard.     They  are 

of  the  yellow  race, 
and  come  from  a 
country  in  Asia  called 
China,  where  there  are 
many  millions  more 
like  them. 

Here  comes  a  band 
of  tall,  well-formed 
men,  wrapped  in 
blankets.  They  have 
coarse  features  and 
A  yellow  man.  high      cheek      bones. 


A  red  man. 


A  white  man 


Their  long,  black  hair, 

like  a  horse's   mane, 

hangs  from  their  bare 

heads.      Their    skins 

are  of  a  dark  reddish 

color     like      copper. 

They  are  Indians  on 

their  way  to  visit  the 

President.     They  are 

of  the  red  race,  which 

was    once    the    only 

people  in  America. 

We  will  go  down  to  where  the  ships  are. 

Here   are   sailors   from    many   distant   lands. 

Some  are  white,  some  black,  and  some  yellow. 
There  are  others  somewhat  like  the 
yellow  people,  but  their  color  is  a 
light  brown,  and  their  eyes  are  not 
slanting.  They  are  Malays  from 
the  islands  southeast  of  Asia,  and 
are  of  the  brown  race. 

23.    CONDITIONS   OF  MEN. 

The  first  wants  of  man  are  food, 
clothing,  and  shelter,  and  he  must 
work  to  get  them.  The  lower 
animals  also  must  hunt  for  food 
and  shelter. 
There     are     people    who    want    but    little 

more  than  beasts  do.     They  dwell  in  caves, 

or  in  rude  huts.     Sometimes  they  raise  a  few 

vegetables,  and  own  a 

few    horses    and    cat- 
tle, but   for  the  most 

part    they    eat     such 

food,    either   plant   or 

animal,    as    they    find 

growing    wild.      Such 

people       are       called 

savage.     Most   of  the 

people    belonging     to 

the  black  and  the  red 

races  are  savages.  a  brown  man. 


CONDITIONS    OF    MEN— GOVERNMENT. 


29 


There  are  other  people  who  work  for  better 
shelter  and  better  food  than  the  savages  do. 
These  people  wander  abont  with  their  droves  of 
horses,  cattle,  and  sheep.  They  live  in  a  rude 
manner,  and  have  little  or  no  learning.  Such 
people  are  called  barbarous. 

As  man  improves,  however,  he  wants  more 
than  mere  food,  clothing,  and  shelter.    He  wants 


Civilization. 

to  own  land  for  his  flocks  and 
herds,  his  crops  and  his  houses. 
He  learns  to  read  and  write.  He 
dwells  with  his  fellow-men  in 
towns  and  cities.  He  has  a  rude 
love  of  splendor,  yet  some  of  his 
ways  are  low.  People  of  this 
kind  are  called  half  civilized. 

In  some  countries  the  people 
have  higher  wants.  They  de- 
light in  learning,  and  in'  all  that 
can  improve  the  mind.  They 
have  churches,  schools,  news- 
papers, books,  pictures,  and  music 
fine  cities.  They  build  railroads,  steamboats, 
and  telegraph  lines.  Such  people  are  called 
civilized. 

In  the  hot  belt  the  heat  makes  man  dislike 
work.  He  has  but  little  need  of  clothing  and 
shelter,  and  food  is  plentiful,  so  he  need  work 
but  little.  Most  of  the  savage  and  barbarous 
tribes  live  in  the  hot  belt. 


Savagery 


They  have 


In  the  cool  belts  the  weather  makes  man 
active.  He  must  work  to  provide  food,  warm 
clothing,  and  shelter.  The  people  of  the  cool 
belts  are  more  highly  civilized  than  those  of 
other  parts  of  the  earth. 

24.     GOVERNMENT. 

Making  rules  or  laws,  and  seeing  that  they  are 
obeyed,  is  called  government.  The  more  that 
people  live  together  in  cities,  towns,  or  coun- 
tries, the  more  need  they  have  of  laws. 

Savages,  whose  wants  are  few  and  who  do 
but  little  work,  have  but  little  government. 
They  obey  the  will  of  their  strongest  and  bravest 
men,  who  are  called  chiefs. 

In  countries  where  people  have  made  more 
progress  there  are  rude  forms  of  government. 
The  laws  are  few  and  weak,  but 
the  rulers  have  great  power. 
There  are  many  such  govern- 
ments among  the  yellow  and  the 
brown  races. 

In  civilized  countries  there  are 
better  governments.  The  laws 
are  written,  and  are  obeyed  by 
the  rulers  as  well  as  by  the  peo- 
ple. Most  of  these  rulers  hold 
office  because  they  are  the  sons 
or  the  daughters  of  former 
rulers.  Such  governments  are 
called  empires,  or  kingdoms.  The 
chief  ruler  of  an  empire  is  an 
emperor  or  an  empress ;  of  a 
kingdom,  a  king  or  a  queen. 
The  form  of  government  under  which  the 
people  choose  the  persons  who  are  to  make 
and  enforce  their  laws  is  called  a  republic. 
What  form  of  government  has  our  country! 
What  is  the  chief  officer  called? 

A  people  living  underone  government  is  called 
a  nation.  What  is  the  name  of  our  nation  !  The 
city  in  which  a  nation's  laws  are  made  is  called  a 
capital.    What  is  the  capital  of  our  country! 


30 


INTRODUCTORY  LESSONS. 


25.  THE  EARTH  A  FARM. 

The  earth  is  the  home  of  man.  He  also 
gets  his  living  from  it,  and  thus  it  is  at  the 
same  time  his  home  and  his  farm. 

What  does  man  raise  on  this  great  farm? 
He  raises  plants  for  food  and  plants  for  cloth- 
ing. He  raises  animals  also 
for  food  and  for  clothing. 
From  the  waters  of  the 
earth  he  gets  fish  for  food, 
and  from  the  forests  wood 
for  his  houses.  In  this  way 
his  three  great  wants  for 
food,  clothing,  and  shelter 
are  supplied. 


Write  the  names  of  all  the 
food  plants  that  you  can  think 
of.  Is  flax  a  food  plant  ?  Cot- 
ton? Name  a  plant  which  is 
used  only  as  food  for  animals. 
Write  a  list  of  fishes  that  are 
Write  a  list  of  trees  from  which 
A  list  of  trees  that  yield  food. 


Cotton. 

good  for  food, 
boards  are  made. 


There  are  regions  in  which  plants  will  not 
grow.  They  will  not  grow  in  the  cold  regions 
around  the  poles,  or  on  the  high  plateaus  and 
mountain  tops,  where  it  is  very  cold.    Neither 


will  they  grow  in  rough,  rocky  places  where 
there  is  no  soil,  nor  upon  lands  where  no  rain 
falls.     These  rainless  regions  are  called  deserts. 

Where  there  is  the  most  heat  and  moisture, 
there  is  the  greatest  growth  of  plants.  Some 
plants  will  grow  only  in  hot  regions,  and  others 
only  where  it  is  not  very  warm.  Where  are  the 
hot  parts  of  the  earth?  Where  are  the  belts 
that  are  neither  very  cold  nor  very  hot? 

Man,  the  farmer,  knows  that  wheat,  corn, 
oats,  rye,  barley,  potatoes,  garden  vegetables, 
apples,  peaches,  grapes,  and  other  food  plants, 
and  grass  with  which  he  feeds  his  animals,  and 
flax  for  clothing,  grow  best  where  it  is  not  too 
warm — that  is  in  the  cool  belt. 

He  knows  also  that  rice,  yams,  bananas, 
breadfruit,  cocoanuts,  sugar  cane,  coffee,  tea, 
oranges,  lemons,  pineapples,  dates,  figs,  spices, 
and  other  food  plants,  and  cotton  for  clothing, 
grow  best  in  the  warm  and  the  hot  belts.  Write 
a  list  of  all  the  spices  that  you  know. 

There  are  many  plants  useful  to  man  which 
grow  wild  in  the  forests  and  fields.  Among 
these  are  the  rubber  tree,  the  sugar  maple  tree, 
and  other  plants  that  yield  gums  and  medicines. 
Plants  that  are  raised  by  man  are  said  to  be 
cultivated. 

Man     raises     animals 
as  well  as  plants  on 
the  great  earth 
farm.    He  raises 


Cutting 
sugar  cane. 


THE    EARTH    A    FARM. 


31 


them  not  only  for  food  and  clothing,  but  also 
for  the  work  they  can  do.  Animals  that  are 
raised  by  man  are  called  domestic  animals. 

Make  a  list  of  domestic  animals.  Which  of  them 
are  for  food?  Which  for  clothing?  Which  for  both 
food  and  clothing?  Which  for  work  only?  Which 
for  all  three  ? 

There  are  wild  animals  also  in  most  parts 
of  the  earth.  Some  of  these  are  fierce  and 
dangerous,  and  prey  upon  weaker  animals. 
Only  a  few  of  the  wild  animals  of  the  earth 
have  been  domesticated.  Many  of  them  are 
useful  to  man  for  food  and  clothing. 

Make  a  list  of  all  the  wild  animals  that  you  have 
seen ;  of  all  that  you  have  read  about.  Which  are 
useful  for  food?  For  clothing?  Which  are  fierce 
and  dangerous? 

Many  of  the  largest  and  most  dangerous  wild 
animals  live  in  the  hot  regions.  Among  them 
are  the  lion,  tiger,  leopard,  rhinoceros,  hippo- 
potamus, gorilla,  alligator,  and  anaconda.  The 
elephant,  buffalo,  and  camel  are  the  largest 
domestic  animals  of  the  hot  belt.  Elephants 
and  buffaloes  are  also  found  wild. 

The  common  domestic  animals,  such  as  dogs, 
horses,  oxen,  sheep,  hogs,  and  fowls,  are  found 
wherever  man  has  made  his  home.  They  thrive 
best,  however,  in  the  cool  belts.  The  principal 
wild  animals  of  these  belts  are  the  deer,  panther, 
bear,  and  wolf. 

In  the  cold  regions  the  reindeer  and  the  dog 
are  the  principal  domestic  animals.  These  re- 
gions are  the  home  also  of  the  white  bear  and 
the  musk  ox,  and  many  small  fur-bearing  ani- 
mals, and  here  millions  of  wild  waterfowl  come 
from  warmer  regions  to  rear  their  young.  In 
the  ocean  waters  of  these  regions  are  found  the 
great  whale,  the  seal,  and  the  walrus. 

From  what  animals  do  we  get  milk?  Butter? 
Cheese?  Eggs?  Honey?  Leather?  Oil?  Furs? 
Feathers?  Beef?  Pork?  Lard?  Hams?  Mutton? 
Veal?  Venison?  Tallow?  Ivory?  These  things 
are  called  animal  products. 


Herding  cattle  on  the  plains. 

The  raising  of  plants  and  animals  on  a  farm 
is  called  farming.  More  than  half  the  people  of 
the  earth  are  employed  in  farming.  In  some 
places  vast  herds  of  horses,  cattle,  and  great 
droves  of  sheep  are  fed  on  the  natural  grass 
of  the  plains.  The  occupation  arising  from 
this  is  called  herding. 


TEST   AND   REVIEW   QUESTIONS. 

18.  Name  some  different  kinds  of  climate.  Where  is  the 
hottest  climate  ?  The  coldest  1  What  belts  are  between 
these?  Name  all  the  zones.  In  what  zone  is  the  United 
States?  How  does  the  altitude  of  a  place  affect  its  climate? 
Name  in  order  the  seasons  of  the  year.  How  long  does  it 
take  the  earth  to  make  one  revolution  around  the  sun? 

19.  What  does  plant  life  need?  How  do  plants  get  their 
food  ?  When  is  soil  said  to  be  fertile  ?  Of  what  use  to  a 
plant  are  its  leaves? 

21.  What  is  the  chief  reason  for  studying  geography? 
What  things  can  man  do  which  the  lower  animals  cannot? 

22.  Where  do  we  find  most  of  the  white  race?  What 
country  is  the  home  of  the  black  race  ?  Where  do  most  of 
the  yellow  race  live?     The  red  race?     The  brown  race? 

23.  What  are  the  first  needs  of  man?  What  kind  of  peo- 
ple are  called  savage?  Barbarous?  Half -civilized?  Civi- 
lized? Why  are  the  people  of  the  cool  belts  the  most 
highly  civilized? 

24.  How  are  savage  tribes  generally  governed?  What 
are  the  principal  forms  of  civilized  governments?  What 
are  their  rulers  called?  What  is  a  republic?  What  is 
meant  by  a  nation?     A  capital? 

25.  What  three  great  needs  of  man  does  the  earth  sup- 
ply? What  are  deserts?  Name  the  chief  plants  of  the  cool 
belt.  Of  the  warm  and  hot  belts.  What  are  cultivated 
plants?  Domestic  animals?  What  large  wild  animals  are 
found  in  the  hot  belt?  In  the  cool  belt?  In  the  cold 
belt?     Name  the  principal  domestic  animals  of  each  belt 


32 


INTRODUCTOKY    LESSONS. 


A  coal  mine. 

26.    THE   EARTH   A   TREASURE-HOUSE. 

Besides  taking  for  his  use  such  plants  and 
animals  as  he  wants,  man  goes  down  into  the 
earth  for  treasures  hidden  away  in  the  rocks. 

There  he  finds  iron,  lead,  zinc,  copper,  tin, 
silver,  gold,  and  other  metals.  He  finds  also  coal 
and  salt,  and  many  other  use- 
ful things.  The  deep  holes 
that  he  digs  in  search  of  the 
earth's  treasures  are  called 
mines,  and  the  products  of 
mines  are  called  minerals. 

Most  metals  are  found 
mixed  with  rock.  Rock 
which  contains  metal  is 
called  ore.  To  separate  the 
metal  from  the  rock  the 
ore  in  most  cases  must  be 
melted. 

Man  has  need  of  the  rock 
itself  with  which  to  build 
his  houses.  He  uses  gran- 
ite, marble,  sandstone,  slate, 
and  limestone.  The  places 
where  he  takes  out  the  rock 
are  called  quarries. 


He  bores  down  hundreds  of  feet  through  the 
solid  rock  in  search  of  another  treasure — a  min- 
eral oil  called  petroleum.  In  the  same  way  he 
bores  for  natural  gas.  Salt  water  from  which 
salt  is  made  is  often  found  by  boring.  These 
deep  bored  holes  are  called  wells. 

Diamonds,  rubies,  emei'alds,  and  other  pre- 
cious stones  are  also  found  in  the  great  earth 
treasure-house.  What  use  do  people  make  of 
them! 

In  all  the  grand  divisions  of  the  earth  metals 
and  minerals  abound.  Sometimes  they  are 
found  in  wide,  thick  beds,  and  sometimes  in 
thin  layers,  or  veins.  Far  down  in  the  ground, 
and  even  out  under  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  men 
are  as  busy  in  the  mines  as  they  are  in  the 
fields  and  forests  on  the  surface. 

27.    THE   EARTH   A   WORKSHOP. 

To  raise  plants  and  animals,  and  to  dig  min- 
erals from  the  earth,  work  must  be  done;  and 
still  more  work  is  needed  to  fit  these  things  for 
man's  use.  Hence  the  earth  is  a  great  workshop. 


On  land  and  sea,  and  far  underground,  men  are  always  at  work. 


MEANS    OF    COMMUNICATION. 


33 


Take  some  wheat  that  has  been  raised  by 
the  farmer.  What  must  be  done  to  it  before 
it  can  be  eaten  as  food?  What  must  be  done 
to  fit  the  ox  for  food?  What  work  must  be 
done  on  a  log  before  it  can  be  used  in  building 
a  house?  On  a  piece  of  iron  ore  before  it  can 
be  used  for  a  horseshoe  ?  On  cotton  before  it 
can  be  used  as  clothing  ? 

The  people  who  do  the  work  are  called  work- 
men, and  the  places  where  they  labor  are  called 
workshops.  There  are  so  many  of  these  that 
we  may  think  of  the  earth  as  a  great  workshop 
in  the  same  way  in  which  we  thought  of  it  as 
a  great  farm  and  as  a  great  treasure-house. 

What  is  the  workman  called  who  raises  crops? 
Who  cuts  down  trees?  Who  catches  fish?  Who 
digs  ore?  Who  makes  flour?  Bread?  Cloth? 
Clothing?  Leather?  Houses  of  wood?  Houses  of 
brick  or  stone  ?     Who  kills  animals  for  food? 

Much  of  the  work  that  is  done  in  the  shops 
of  the  world  is  done  by  machines.  These  grind 
grain,  spin  thread,  weave  cloth,  saw  logs,  and 
do  many  other  kinds  of  work.  Write  a  list  of 
the  things  you  have  seen  done  by  machines. 


Water  power. 

You  have  no  doubt  seen  a  waterfall  and  no- 
ticed with  what  force  the  stream  poured  down 
over  the  rocks.  Men  use  water  power  to  give 
motion  to  thousands  of  machines.  Steam 
also  works  for  man.  Name  some  machines 
•that  you  have  seen  worked  by  steam. 


One  of  the  most  won- 
derful  forces   used   by 


An  electrical  carriage  —  automobile. 

man  to  move  the  machines  that  help  do  the 
work  of  the  world  is  electricity.  Name  some- 
thing that  moves  by  means  of  this  force. 

Some  of  the  great  waterfalls  of  the  world  are  now 
used  to  produce  electricity.  This  force  can  be  sent 
along  wires  to  move  machines  that  are  miles  distant.  It 
can  also  be  stored  for  use  in  moving  cars  and  carriages. 

All  the  things  that  are  made  in  the  great 
earth  workshop  are  called  manufactures,  and 
the  making  of  them  is  called  manufacturing. 

28.    MEANS   OF   COMMUNICATION. 

When  we  make  our  thoughts  known  to  other 
people  we  communicate  with  them.  This  can 
be  done  by  talking  or  by  signs  when  people 
are  near  each  other,  but  when  they  are  far 
apart  some  other  way  must  be  used. 

Have  you  ever  written  a  letter?  How  far 
did  it  go  ?  How  much  did  it  cost  you  to  send 
it?  How  long  was  it  before  you  received  an 
answer?  A  letter  is  one  way  of  communicat- 
ing with  people  at  a  distance. 

Sometimes  you  may  want  to  communicate 
very  quickly  with  a  person  hundreds,  or,  it  may 
be,  thousands  of  miles  away,  and  to  get  his  reply 
at  once.  This  you  can  do  by  means  of  the  tele- 
graph. Most  of  you  have  seen  telegraph  wires, 
and  perhaps  have  seen  messages  sent. 


34 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


Means  of  communication. 


Wires  have  been  laid  on  the  bottom  of  the 
sea,  and  we  can  even  send  a  message  by  tele- 
graph from  one  continent  to  another.  When 
we  take  up  our  newspaper  at  breakfast  time 
we  can  read  about  things  that  happened  the 
day  before  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  world. 
The  news  comes  to  us  by  ocean  telegraph. 

A  still  more  wonderful  way  of  communicat- 
ing with  people  is  by  telephone.  Have  you 
ever  talked  over  a  telephone?  Persons  hun- 
dreds of  miles  apart  can  talk  with  each  other 
over  the  telephone  as  easily  and  as  clearly  as 
if  they  were  face  to  face.  These  ways  of  com- 
munication are  now  so  common  that  we  are 
apt  to  forget  how  wonderful  they  really  are. 


29.    TRANSPORTATION. 

How  are  the  goods  which  the  merchant  sells 
in  our  town  carried  from  his  store  to  the  homes 
of  the  people  who  buy?  What  animals  are 
used  in  this  work?  Name  other  animals  used 
in  transporting  or  carrying  goods. 

How  are  goods  brought  to  our  town  from 
other  parts  of  our  country?  What  is  a  rail- 
road? Some  of  the  cities  of  our  country  are 
more  than  twenty-five  hundred  miles  apart. 
They  are  all  connected  by  railroads. 

On  these  roads  millions  of  people  travel,  and 
millions  of  tons  of  the  products  of  farms,  for- 


ests, mines,  workshops,  and  fisheries  are  trans- 
ported from  one  place  to  another. 

Is  your  town  on  a  lake  or  a  river,  or  on  tho 
seacoast  ?  What  is  a  steamboat  ?  How  does  it 
differ  from  a  sailing  vessel?  On  the  rivers, 
lakes,  and  coast  waters  of  our  country  thou- 
sands of  steamboats  and  sailing  vessels  carry 
passengers  and  goods  from  one  town  to  another. 

A  lake  or  a  river  on  which  vessels  can  sail  is  said  . 
to  be  navigable.     Why  are  some  rivers  not  navigable  ? 

In  some  countries,  where  there  are  but  few 
navigable  rivers,  long  ditches  have  been  dug, 
wide  enough  and  deep  enough,  when  filled  with 
water,  to  float  vessels.  Such  ditches  are  called 
canals.  Some  of  them  are  hundreds  of  miles 
long.  Canal  boats  are  drawn  by  horses  and 
mules. 

In  some  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa  goods 
and  people  are  carried  many  hundreds  of  miles 
on  the  backs  of  horses  and  camels.  A  train 
of  animals  carrying  burdens  in  this  manner  is 
called  a  caravan.  In  mountain  regions  mules 
are  often  used  for  carrying  packs  of  goods. 
In  South  America  a  small  animal  called  the 
llama  is  thus  used. 

In  the  cold  regions  that  lie  around  the  Arctic 
Ocean  men  travel  over  the  snow  fields  on 
sledges.  In  some  countries  these  sledges  are 
drawn  by  reindeer.  In  other  countries  the 
sledges  are  drawn  by  dogs. 


TRADE    OR    COMMERCE. 


35 


Commerce  and  transportation. 


30.    TRADE   OR   COMMERCE. 

The  farmer  raises  more  grain  than  he  can 
use.  He  sells  what  he  does  not  need,  and  with 
the  money  buys  things  that  he  wants.  It 
is  the  same  with  the  miner,  the  weaver,  the 
shoemaker,  and  all  men  who  raise  or  make 
things.  This  selling  and  buying  is  called  trade, 
or  commerce. 

Many  men  work  at  buying  and  selling  goods. 
It  is  their  business.  These  men  are  called 
traders,  storekeepers,  and  merchants.  Goods 
that  are  bought  and  sold  are  called  merchandise. 

Much  trade  or  commerce  is  carried  on  in  our 
country.  How  many  kinds  of  stores  or  shops 
have  you  seen  ?  Where  does  the  flour  come 
from  that  the  grocer  sells?  The  calico  at  the 
dry-goods  store?  The  nails  at  the  hardware 
store?  The  shoes  at  the  shoe  store?  Most  of 
the  goods  that  are  bought  and  sold  in  our  coun- 
try are  produced  by  our  own  people. 

There  are  many  things,  however,-  used  by 
our  people,  that  come  from  beyond  the  sea. 
Name  some  of  them.  What  did  you  have  for 
breakfast  that  was  not  raised  in  this  country? 
You  see  that  we  have  two  kinds  of  commerce 
— one  among  our  own  people,  called  domestic 
commerce;  the  other  with  foreign  countries, 
called  foreign  commerce. 


The  goods  brought  into  our  country  are 
called  imports.  The  goods  that  we  send  to 
other  countries  are  called  exports. 

As  trade  or  commerce  employs  many  people 
in  buying  and  selling  goods,  so  it  employs 
many  others  in  their  transportation. 


TEST  AND  REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

26.  What  are  "treasures"  ?  Why  may  the  earth  be 
called  a  "  treasure-nouse "  ?  What  metals  do  we  find  in 
the  earth?  What  other  valuable  things  that  are  not  metals? 
What  is  ore?  What  are  mines?  Quarries?  What  does 
man  bore  for  in  the  earth?     What  are  precious  stones? 

27.  What  is  a  "  workshop  "  ?  Why  may  the  earth  be 
called  a  "  workshop  "  ?  Why  are  men  compelled  to  work? 
What  race  of  men  does  the  least  work?  Why?  What 
helps  man  in  his  work?  What  forces  does  man  use  to 
make  a  machine  work?  What  are  manufactures?  What 
is  manufacturing? 

28.  How  do  people  communicate  with  one  another  ?  Write 
or  tell  what  is  done  with  a  letter  from  the  time  it  is  written 
until  it  reaches  the  person  to  whom  it  is  sent.  In  what  two 
ways  may  we  communicate  most  quickly  with  persons  at  a 
long  distance?  How  do  these  ways  differ?  How  do  we 
get  news  quickly  from  across  the  sea? 

29.  How  are  goods  carried  or  transported  from  the  store 
to  our  homes?  How  are  they  sent  long  distances  in  our 
own  country?  How  are  goods  sent  across  the  sea?  What 
is  a  canal?  A  navigable  lake  or  river?  Name  other  ways 
by  which  men  travel  and  transport  goods. 

30.  Tell  how  trade  or  commerce  first  began.  What  do 
we  call  the  men  who  follow  this  occupation?  What  is  the 
difference  between  exports  and  imports?  Between  foreign 
and  domestic  commerce? 


31.    MAP  OF  THE  WORLD. 

As  the  earth  is  a  globe,  it  is 
impossible  to  show  accurately 
on  a  flat  surface  the  whole  out- 
side of  it  in  one  view. 

It  is  important,  however,  to 
have  a  general  view  of  the 
earth's  surface  at  one  time,  in 
order  to  show  the  relative  posi- 
tions of  places,  their  true  direc- 
tion from  one  another,  the  belts 
of  heat  or  cold  in  which  they 
lie,  and  many  other  things.  The 
most  convenient  arrangement 
for  this  purpose  is  that  of  the 
map  of  the  world  here  given. 

This  map  is  drawn  on  what  is 
called  the  Mercator  Projection, 
from  the  name  of  its  inventor. 
If  the  earth  were  a  cylinder  and 
the  surface  could  be  unrolled,  it 
would  spread  out  as  here  shown. 
What  is  a  cylinder?  Give  a 
well-known  example. 

Take  an  orange  to  represent  the 
earth.  Consider  the  stem  and  the 
blossom  ends  as  the  two  poles,  and 
draw  a  line  to  represent  the  equator. 
Cut  through  the  skin  from  pole  to 
pole  and  remove  it  carefully  in  two 
sections.  If  you  take  one  of  these 
sections  and  cut  through  the  skin  in 
several  places  from  the  poles  toward 
the  equator,  you  can  then  flatten  it 
out,  and  you  will  see  that  the  parts 
near  the  poles  take  up  much  more 
space  than  they  did  before.  The 
Mercator  map  does  not  give  the  true  proportions  as 
to  size.  This  is  to  be  noticed  especially  in  the  great 
land  masses  in  the  north,  and  the  experiment  just 
made  will  help  you  to  see  the  reason.  Try  it.  In 
many  other  ways,  however,  the  advantages  of  the 
Mercator  map  more  than  make  up  for  this  defect. 

Map  Studies. — What  continent  is  shown  in  the  cen- 
ter of  this  map?  (See  page  11.)  What  are  its  two 
grand  divisions  ?  In  which  of  these  is  our  own  coun- 
try? What  ocean  is  east  of  North  America?  What 
continent  is  beyond  this   ocean?    Name  its   grand 


divisions.  What  ocean  is  west  of  our  continent? 
What  continents  lie  beyond  this  ocean?  What  ocean 
is  west  of  Australia  ? 

What  grand  division  extends  farthest  south?  In 
what  cape  does  it  end  ?  Which  extends  farther  south, 
Australia  or  Africa  ?  What  noted  cape  is  at  the  south- 
ern end  of  Africa?  Find  Bering  Strait.  What  con- 
tinents does  it  separate  ?  What  strait  is  between  Eu- 
rope and  Africa  ?  Asia  and  Africa  ?  Find  the  Suez 
Canal,  and  the  proposed  Nicaragua  Canal.  How  can 
these  benefit  commerce  ? 

On  this  map  the  United  States  and  its  possessions  are 


36 


120°     from         Greenwich     90 


90°      Longitude     West    60°  from      Greenwich       30' 


0°      Longitude       East    30° 


colored  red  or  marked  tvifh  a  red  line.  What  other 
country  of  North  America  belongs  to  the  United 
States?  Write  a  list  of  our  island  possessions.  In 
what  oceans  are  they  ?  In  what  belt  or  zone  are  they  ? 
(See  page  25.) 

Find  the  great  seaport  of  London.  A  seaport  is  a 
city  or  town  to  and  from  which  seagoing  vessels  sail. 
Find  New  York.  These  two  cities  are  the  world's 
greatest  centers  of  commerce.  Tell  on  what  waters 
and  in  what  directions  a  steamer  would  sail  on  the 
following  voyages :  From  London  to  New  York  for 
a  cargo   of  flour  and  meat.     From  New  York   to 


Havana  for  sugar.  To  Para  for  rubber.  To  Manila 
by  way  of  Cape  Town  for  hemp.  To  Manila  by  way 
of  Cape  Horn.  From  San  Francisco  to  Manila. 
From  Liverpool  to  New  Orleans  for  a  cargo  of  cotton. 
Other  voyages  may  be  suggested  by  the  teacher. 

Find  the  equator.  In  what  latitude  are  all  places 
north  of  the  equator?  South?  Between  what  de- 
grees of  latitude  are  most  of  the  large  cities  of  the 
world  ?  What  city  of  Asia  has  about  the  same  lati- 
tude as  New  Orleans  ?  What  cities  of  Africa  ?  What 
cities  are  soiith  of  the  30th  degree  of  south  latitude  ?  In 
what  latitude  are  the  East  Indies  1    The  West  Indies  ? 


37 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


32.    POSITION-EXTENT-COAST  LINE. 

Look  at  the  map  of  the  world  on  pages  36  and 
37,  and  notice  the  position  of  North  America 
upon  the  earth's  surface.  What  grand  division 
can  be  reached  by  sailing  east  from  North 
America?  By  sailing  west?  What  oceans 
would  be  crossed?  In  what  direction  would 
we  sail  to  reach  Australia  ?     On  what  ocean  ? 

Is  North  Amer- 


ica north  or  south 
of  the  equator  ?  It 
extends  from  the 
hot  belt  across  the 
warm  and  the  cool 
belts  into  the  cold 
region  around  the 
North  Pole.  In 
what  zones  does 
it  lie?  (See  zone 
map,  page  25.)  It 
is  the  third  of  the 
grand  divisions  in 
size,  Asia  and  Af- 
rica being  larger. 


The  landing  of 


Our  country  is  the  most  important  part  of  North 
America.     In  what  part  of  North  America  is  it  ? 

What  is  the  general  shape  of  North  America? 
Has  it  an  even  or  a  broken  coast  line?  Com- 
pare its  coast  line  with  that  of  South  America, 
and  tell  how  they  differ.  Do  you  think  a  broken 
coast  line  is  an  advantage  to  a  country  ? 

What  ocean  north  of  North  America  ?  Along 
the  Arctic  coast  there  are  many  islands.  A  sea 
filled  with  islands  is  called  an  archipelago.  Find 
Greenland.  What  arm  of  the  sea  parts  it  from 
the  mainland?  In  what  cape  does  it  end  at 
the  south?  What  strait  joins  Baffin  Bay  with 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?    Find  Iceland. 

Find  Newfoundland.  What  do  you  know 
about  this  island?    What  gulf  lies  west  of  it? 


What  great  bay  lies  farther  inland?  What 
strait  joins  Hudson  Bay  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean?  What  peninsula  do  these  waters  in- 
close ? 

What  group  of  islands  southeast  of  the  main- 
land of  North  America?  What  sea  do  they 
partly  inclose?  Between  this  sea  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean  is  a  noted  isthmus.  Name  it. 
Find  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  What  two  penin- 
sulas at  the  mouth 
of  this  gulf  ?  What 
large  island  ? 

Cross  the  Isth. 
mus  of  Panama 
and  follow  the  Pa- 
cific coast  toward 
the  northwest : 
what  long,  narrow 
peninsula  do  you 
find?  What  gulf 
does  it  partly  in- 
close? The  north- 
western part  of 
North  America  is 
Columbus,  1492.  nearly  surrounded 

by  water.  What  body  of  land  does  it  form? 
What  is  its  name?  What  sea  lies  west  of 
Alaska?  What  joins  Bering  Sea  and  the 
Arctic  Ocean?  What  cape  of  North  America 
extends  into  the  narrowest  part  of  Bering 
Strait? 

33.    SURFACE   AND   DRAINAGE. 

What  is  a  relief  map?  Look  at  the  relief 
map  of  North  America.  Notice  that  some 
parts  are  darker  in  shade  than  others.  This 
difference  in  shade  is  to  show  the  difference  in 
the  altitude  of  the  land,  or  its  height  above 
the  sea  level  (see  page  15).  The  darker  in 
shade,  the  greater  the   altitude   of  the  land 


SURFACE   AND   DRAINAGE. 


39 


cnland 


-,      PrMot  Is. 


NORTH    AMERICA 


a    too  2O0  100  WO         6OO  8CO  1000 


800   MIIES  10   one   INC 


Relief  Map  of  NOETH  AMERICA. —  Same  Scale  as  South  America,  Asia,  Africa,  and  Australia. 


What  part  of  North  America  has  the  greatest 
altitude?  This  region  is  called  the  Western 
Highland.  In  what  direction  does  this  high- 
land region  extend?  Where  is  the  widest  part 
of  this  highland !    Its  highest  mountain  ranges 


are  called  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Find  Mount 
McKinley.  It  is  the  highest  mountain  peak  in 
North  America. 

Where  is  there  another  highland  region  in 
North  America?     Is  its  altitude  as  great  as 


40 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


The  Rocky  Mountains. 


that  of  the  Western  Highland?  How  do  you 
know?  In  what  direction  does  this  highland 
region  extend?  It  is  called  the  Eastern  High- 
land. The  mountain  ranges  that  rise  from  this 
highland  are  called  the  Appalachian  Moun- 
tains. What  is  the  difference  as  shown  in  the 
pictures  between  the  mountains  of  the  East- 
ern Highland  and  of  the  Western  Highland? 

What  kind  of  surface 
does  the  map  show  be- 
tween the  Eastern  and 
the  Western  highlands? 
This  broad  extent  of 
lowland  reaching  from 
the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  is  called 
the  Great  Central  Plain. 
Notice  that  from  about 
the  middle  of  this  plain 
the  rivers  flow  in  oppo- 
site directions,  north  and 
south.  What  does  this  prove? 
divide  ?  The  divide  between  the  sources  of  the 
rivers  that  flow  northward,  and  those  that  flow 
southward,  is  a  low  swell  of  land  called  the 
Height  of  Land  that  crosses  the  Great  Central 
Plain  from  east  to  west.     Trace  it  on  the  map. 


The  Appalachian  Mountains. 

What   is   a 


Between  the  Eastern  Highland  and  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  notice  another  plain,  narrow  at 
the  north  and  widening  toward  the  south, 
where  it  joins  the  Great  Central  Plain.  This 
is  the  Atlantic  Coast  Plain.  On  this  plain  are 
many  large  cities. 

Read  about  river  basins  (page  20).  Where 
do  you  find  the  largest  river  basin  in  North 

America  ?  What  river 
drains  this  basin?  Into 
what  does  it  flow  ?  Name 
its  largest  branch.  Trace 
the  Mississippi  River  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
souri River,  and  from 
there  to  the  source  of  the 
Missouri.  This  is  the 
longest  river  in  the  world. 
Find  the  Mackenzie 
River.  Into  what  does  it 
flow  ?  Is  the  Mississippi 
River  useful  to  commerce  ?  Why  ?  The  Mac- 
kenzie?    Why? 

Find  the  Great  Lakes.  Give  the  name  of 
each.  What  large  river  flows  from  these  lakes  ? 
Into  what  body  of  water?  Where  do  we  find 
many  other  large  lakes  ?    What  ocean  do  their 


RESOURCES  AND  PRODUCTS. 


41 


waters  reach  ?  What  large  river  flows  into  Be- 
ring Sea  ?  What  do  you  know  about  this  river  ! 
Find  the  Columbia  River.  The  Colorado.  The 
Saskatchewan.     Into  what  does  each  flow? 

34.  RESOURCES  AND  PRODUCTS. 

Ask  your  teacher  to  put  a  dot  on  the  map  of 
North  America  to  show  where  you  live.  Do  you 
live  in  the  northern  or  the  southern  part  ?  In 
the  eastern  or  western  part!  In  what  direc- 
tion from  you  is  the  nearest  ocean  ?  Think  of  a 
journey  over  your  grand  division,  starting  from 
your  home.     The  map  will  aid  you  in  this. 

We  will  suppose  it  is  summer  time.  Your 
journey  will  be  to  the  north.  North  is  toward 
what  ?  As  we  go  north,  does  the  weather  grow 
colder  or  warmer? 

On  your  way  north,  you  see  at  first  many 
farms  with  orchards  and  grainfields.  You  pass 
through  forests  of  maple,  oak,  chestnut,  wal- 
nut, and  pine.  As  you  go  on,  the  weather 
grows  colder  and  colder,  and  after  a  while  you 
come  to  snow  and  ice.  Still  farther  north,  you 
reach  a  region  where  there  are  no  trees,  but 
only  a  few  bushes,  mosses,  and  lichens. 


Musk  ox  attacked  bv  wolves. 


In  your  journey  through  the  cold  regions, 
you  may  find  the  wolf,  the  fox,  the  white  bear, 
the  musk  ox,  the  otter,  the  beaver,  and  other 
fur-bearing  animals.     In  the  ocean  waters  you 


A  seal  rookery. 

may  see  the  seal,  the  walrus,  and  the  whale. 
You  may  see  many  waterfowl.  Why  do  peo- 
ple wear  thick  underclothes  and  overcoats 
when  they  go  to  the  far  north  ?  For  the  same 
reason  these  animals  of  the  north  wear  a  thick 
covering  of  fur  or  feathers. 

The  whale  and  the  walrus  are  kept  warm  by  a  thick 
layer  of  fat  just  inside  the  skin. 

Can  you  think  of  any  people  who  want  fine 
furs  ?  In  our  own  country  it  is  not  cold  enough 
for  animals  to  wear  such  thick,  soft,  warm  furs 
as  they  do  in  colder  regions.  We  get  our  furs 
by  commerce.  A  few  people  live  in  the  cold 
regions,  and  catch  animals  for  their  fur.  They 
send  us  the  skins,  and  get  from  us,  in  exchange, 
food,  clothes,  guns,  and  other  things  which 
they  want. 

Now  journey  south  from  your  home.  You 
follow  the  same  meridian,  but  in  a  direction 
opposite  to  north.  In  your  journey  south,  do 
you  go  toward  a  warmer  or  a  colder  part  of 
North  America?  You  find  more  plant  life  as 
you  go  toward  the  warmer  part  of  the  earth. 
Why? 

You  pass  many  forests,  and  fields  of  tobacco, 
cotton,  and  sugar  cane.  In  the  lowlands,  you 
see  rice  growing.    You  see  oranges,  figs,  cocoa- 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


nuts,  bananas,  and  other  fruits  and  plants  of 
the  warm  belt.  There  are  alligators  in  the 
streams.  "What  great  arm  of  the  sea  do  you 
find  at  the  south  1  Of  what  ocean  is  it  a  part  ? 
If  you  cross  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  you  will  come 
to  a  country  where  there  are  many  thick  forests. 
In  these  forests  the  mahogany  tree  grows,  and 
here  are  found  the  fierce  beast  of  prey  called  the 
jaguar,  and  thousands  of  monkeys  and  parrots. 

Millions  of  people  live  in  the  cool  belt  of 
North  America.  They  want  the  things  that 
grow  in  the  south.  Other  millions  live  in  the 
south,  who  want  the  things  that  grow  in  the 
north  or  are  made  there.  Think  of  all  the 
goods  that  must  be  carried  north  and  south. 
How  is  the  carrying  done  on  the  land?  On 
the  rivers  and  along  the  coast  ? 

Where  on  the  map  of  North  America  do  you 
look  for  the  North  Pole?  You  have  learned 
that  when  you  face  the  north,  the  east  is  at 
your  right,  and  the  west  is  at  your  left. 

Journey  eastward  by  the  map  from  your 
home  until  you  reach  the  ocean.  What  ocean 
is  this?  It  is  the  great  highway  of  commerce 
between  America  and  Europe.  Many  of  the 
largest  manufacturing  and  commercial  cities 
are  in  the  east.  There  are  important  fisheries 
in  the  river  and  ocean  waters.  Near  the  island 
of  Newfoundland  are  the  banks  or  shallow 
places   in   the   sea   where    great   numbers  of 


codfish  are  caught.     Find  the  Grand 
Banks. 

Now  face  to  the  west,  and  travel 
across  the  continent.  In  what  way 
could  you  best  make  the  real  journey? 
Could  you  go  from  the  far  north  to 
the  far  south  as  easily  ?  Why  ?  What 
highland  region  would  you  first  cross 
in  your  journey  west  ? 

In  many  parts  of  this  region 

are  mines  of  coal  and  iron 

which  supply  thousands 

of  factories.   Here,  too, 

are  petroleum,  natural 


The  bison  or  buffalo. 


The 

American 
eagle. 

gas,  and  salt 
wells.  A  few 
wild  ani- 
mals, such 
as  the  deer, 
the      black 

bear,  the  eagle,  and  the  wild  turkey,  are  still  to 
be  found  among  the  mountains.  As  the  coun- 
try has  become  thickly  settled  the  wild  animals 
have  become  fewer  in  number. 

Beyond  the  Eastern  Highland  we  come  to  the 
great  food-producing  region  of  North  America. 
What  is  it  called?  Here  are  great  fields  of 
wheat,  corn,  oats,  rye,  and  barley,  and  here,  too, 
flax  is  grown.  In  the  region  around  the  Great 
Lakes  are  mines  of  iron,  copper,  and  lead. 

As  you  go  westward  over  the  Central  Plain 
you  may  see  many  manufacturing  cities,  but 
not  so  many  as  in  the  east.  Farther  west  you 
may  see  vast  numbers  of  cattle,  sheep,  and 
hogs.  Not  many  years  ago  there  were  millions 
of  bisons,  or  buffaloes,  throughout  this  region, 
but  they  are  all  gone,  and  their  place  has  been 
taken  by  the  animals  raised  by  man. 


PEOPLE   AND   COUNTRIES. 


43 


At  length  you  reach  the 
Western  Highland.    Here 
are  the  richest   mines  of  ^^^^" 

gold  and  silver  in  the 
world.  There  are  also  much  copper  and  lead. 
Here,  too,  are  found  some  of  the  largest  and 
fiercest  wild  animals  of  North  America.  The 
grizzly  bear,-  the  cougar,  or  mountain  lion,  and 
the  wolf  are  native  to  this  region,  and  in  its 
wildest  parts  are  found  also  the  elk,  the  deer, 
and  the  beaver. 

You  descend  the  western  slope  of  this  high- 
land region,  and  reach  another  ocean.  What 
is  this  ocean  called?  On  the  Pacific  slope  of 
the  Western  Highland  are  many  dense  for- 
ests in  which  grow  some  of  the  largest  trees  in 
the  world.  You  do  not  find  so  much  com- 
merce here  as  on  the  eastern  coast.  This  is 
because  there  are  but  few  good  harbors  and 
not  so  many  people  on  the  western  cuas^ . 


One  of  the  largest,  trees  in  the  world- 


In  the  northwestern  rivers  great  numbers  of 
salmon  are  caught.  Near  Alaska  are  the  islands 
from  which  we  get  most  of  the  seal  fur  that  is 
used  for  clothing. 

35.    PEOPLE  AND  COUNTRIES. 

The  first  white  people  who  visited  America 
came  from  Europe.  They  found  here  a  strange 
people  whose  skins  were  of  a  reddish  color. 
Thinking  at  first  that  this  new  country  was 
India,  they  called  the  natives  Indians.  This 
name  was  afterwards  given  to  all  the  natives 
of  the  New  World,  as  it  was  called. 

In  time,  North  America,  as  far  as  it  had 
become  known,  was  divided  among  the  Eng- 
lish, the  French,  and  the  Spanish.  The  Eng- 
lish took  the  middle  part,  the  French  took  the 
northern  part,  and  the  Spanish  the  south. 


Some  of  the  Indians  have  become  civilized. 

The  Indians  who  once  owned  the  whole 
country  were  slowly  driven  by  the  white  race 
to  the  far  west.  They  are  few  in  number  as 
compared  with  the  white  people.  Some  of  them 
have  been  civilized  and  own  houses  and  farms. 
Others  lead  a  savage  life. 

Nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago,  the 
English  took  from  the  French  their  possessions 
in  North  America.  Later,  the  English  lost 
the  best  part  of  their  possessions.  How  I  The 
Spanish,  too,  from  time  to  time  lost  portions 
of  what  they  owned,  until  it  was  all  gone- 


44 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


bODT 
AMERICA 


100  Longitude   West  from    Greenwich  80 


Map  Studies.— What  country  occupies  the  central 
part  of  North  America?  What  country  joins  the 
United  States  on  the  north?  On  the  southwest? 
What  country  northwest  of  Canada  ?  To  whom  does 
it  belong?  What  country  southeast  of  Mexico? 
What  island  group  southeast  of  the  United  States  ? 


What  zone  lies  between  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  and 
the  Arctic  Circle  ?  What  countries  of  North  Amer- 
ica are  wholly  or  partly  in  this  zone?  What  zone 
north?  What  countries  are  partly  in  this  zone? 
What  zone  south?  What  countries  are  wholly  or 
partly  in  this  zone? 


PEOPLE    AND   COUNTRIES. 


45 


Of  the  many  millions  of  people  who  now  live 
in  North  America,  by  far  the  greater  part  are 
of  the  white  race.  For  hundreds  of  years  peo- 
ple of  this  race  have  been  coming  here  from  all 
parts  of  Europe.  "We  find 
men  of  the  white  race  in 
the  workshops,  the  mines, 
the  forests,  the  fisheries, 
and  on  the  farms,  and  they 
have  carried  our  trade  to 
nearly  every  part  of  the 
earth. 

There  are  also  several 
millions  of  black  people 
in  North  America.  They 
live  chiefly  in  the  warm 
belt  of  our  country,  among 
the  whites.  Most  of  them  work  at  farming. 
Nearly  three  hundred  years  ago  the  first  negroes 
were  brought  here  from  their  homes  in  Africa. 

In  the  far,  frozen  north  are  found  people  of  the 
yellow  race,  called  Eskimos.  They  wear  thick  furs, 
and  the  men  and  women  dress  much  alike.  They 
live  in  rude  huts,  sometimes  built  of  snow  and  ice, 
and  eat  wild  animals,  fish,  and  the  fat,  or  blubber,  of 
the  whale,  seal,  and  walrus.  They  train  teams  of 
dogs  to  draw  their  sledges.  These  people  seem  to  be 
happy  and  contented  in  a  country  where  few  would 
wish  to  live.  There  are  some  other  people  of  the 
yellow  race  in  North  America.  They  are  visitors 
from  Asia,  who  intend  to  return  to  that  country. 
What  are  they  called  ? 

Look  again  at  Greenland  and  Iceland  on  the 
map.  They  belong  to  a  kingdom  in  Europe 
called  Denmark,  and  are  known  as  Danish 
America.  Find  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  It 
belongs  to  the  English.  In  what  part  of  North 
America  is  the  United  States  ?  Find  Alaska. 
It  belongs  to  the  United  States. 

Find  Mexico  and  Central  America.  These 
countries  form  the  southern  part  of  the  main- 
land of  North  America.  East  of  these  is  the 
island  division  of  the  West  Indies.  These 
countries  and  islands  once  belonged  to  Spain, 
and  the  people  still  speak  the  Spanish  language. 


Eskimo  turf  huts. 


TEST  AND   REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

32.  Is  North  America  in  the  Eastern  or  the  "Western 
Hemisphere  ?  Is  it  in  north  or  in  south  latitude  ?  How  do 
you  know?  By  what  oceans  is  it  surrounded  ?  On  which 
of  these  oceans  does  the  greatest 
number  of  vessels  sail  ?  Why  ? 
On  which  the  least?  Why? 
Compare  North  America  in  size 
with  other  grand  divisions.  Has 
it  an  even  or  a  broken  coast 
line  ?  What  two  large  arms  of 
the  sea  extend  into  the  main- 
land ?  What  are  the  principal 
islands  and  groups  near  the  main- 
land ?  What  is  an  archipelago  ? 
Where  is  the  hottest  part  of 
North  America  ?  The  coldest  ? 
What  is  the  climate  between  these 
extremes  ? 

33.  What  is  meant  by  altitude? 
How  does  a  relief  map  show 
difference  in  altitude?  In  what  part  of  Jtforth  America 
do  we  find  the  greatest  altitude?  What  is  this  region 
called  ?  What  are  its  principal  mountain  systems  ?  What 
lower  elevation  in  the  east  ?  What  mountain  system  ? 
What  section  lies  between  these  highland  regions  ?  What 
large  river  drains  a  part  of  the  Great  Central  Plain  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  Into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  Into  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  from  the  Great  Lakes  ?  What  rivers  drain 
the  Western  Highland  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  ?  Which  is 
the  most  important  of  all  the  rivers  of  North  America  ? 
Why? 

34.  What  kinds  of  trees  do  you  find  near  your  home? 
What  grains  do  the  farmers  raise  ?  What  fruits  ?  What 
wild  animals  are  there  ?  What  domestic  animals  ?  What 
have  you  learned  about  the  plants  of  the  far  north  ?  Of 
the  animals  ?  For  what  are  these  animals  chiefly  valuable  ? 
What  plants  and  fruits  grow  best  in  the  south  ?  What 
metals  and  minerals  are  abundant  in  the  Eastern  High- 
land ?  In  the  Western  Highland  ?  Where  is  the  most 
manufacturing  done  ?  Where  are  the  most  important  fish- 
eries ?  Where  is  the  most  herding  done  ?  In  what  part  of 
North  America  are  the  largest  and  most  ferocious  wild  beasts 
found  ? 

35.  What  three  nations  once  owned  the  greater  part  of 
North  America  ?  What  part  does  England  now  own  ? 
What  became  of  the  French  possessions  ?  Of  the  Spanish 
possessions  ?  Of  what  race  are  most  of  the  people  of  North 
America  ?  Where  do  we  find  most  of  the  negroes  ?  Of  the 
Indians  ?  What  is  the  condition  of  the  Indians  of  North 
America  ?  What  people  of  the  yellow  race  live  in  North 
America  ?  Name  all  the  countries  of  North  America. 
Which  is  the  most  important  ?  Along  what  ocean  are  the 
most  seaports  ?  What  ocean  has  none  ?  Why  ?  Where 
are  the  most  people  ? 


46 


UNITED   STATES. 


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THE  UNITED  STATES. 

36.    POSITION— EXTENT- 
COAST  LINE. 


The  United  States  occupies  the  central  part 
of  North  America.  It  lies  across  the  warm  and 
the  cool  belts  north  of  the  equator.  In  what 
zone,  then,  is  it?  What  part  of  it  is  in  the 
warm  belt?    In  the  cool  belt? 

Tell  by  the  map  which  of  the  coast  lines  is 
the  most  broken.  Where,  then,  are  the  most 
good  harbors  ?  Find  Massachusetts  Bay,  New 
York  Bay,  Delaware  Bay,  and  Chesapeake  Bay. 
Of  what  ocean  are  they  arms  ?  Find  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay.  Of  what  ocean  is  it  an  arm  ?  What 
lakes  between  the  United  States  and  Canada? 

Find  Cape  Cod.  Cape  May.  Cape  Hatteras. 
What  cape  at  the  southern  end  of  Florida? 
What  natural  division  of  land  is  Florida? 
What  large  island  south  of  it?  Find  Cape 
Mendocino.      Into  what  ocean  does  it  extend? 


Relief  map  of  the  United  States. 

37.    SURFACE,  EAINFALL,  AND 
DRAINAGE. 

In  what  part  of  the  United  States  is  the  main 
highland  region!  What  is  it  called?  Where  is 
the  lower  highland  region?    What  is  it  called? 

The  slope  from  the  Eastern  Highland  to  the 
ocean  is  not  very  steep.  In  the  north,  the  edge 
of  this  highland  reaches  the  coast,  which  is 
therefore  bold  and  rocky.  South  of  Long 
Island,  the  slope  widens  out  into  the  Atlantic 
Coast  Plain.  The  shores  of  this  plain  are  low 
and  sandy. 

The  Atlantic  slope  and  plain  are  crossed  by 
many  small,  navigable  rivers.  Find  the  Hud- 
son River.  The  Delaware.  The  Potomac.  The 
James.  In  the  steeper  parts  of  the  slope,  the 
rivers  supply  much  water  power. 


SURFACE,   RAINFALL,   AND   DRAINAGE. 


4? 


Between  the  two  great  highlands  lies  a  wide 
valley,  called  the  Mississippi  Basin.  Why! 
Find  where  the  Atlantic  Plain  joins  the  Missis- 
sippi Basin.  Name  the  largest  eastern  branch 
of  the  Mississippi  River.  The  largest  three 
western  branches.  What  large  boundary  river 
drains  the  southwestern  part  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley?  Through  what  river  do  the  waters  of 
the  Great  Lakes  reach  the  ocean ! 

For  hundreds  of  miles  east  and  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  there  are  wide  prairies. 
Beyond  the  Mississippi,  the  ground  rises  in 
a  long  gentle  slope  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
A  broad  strip  of  flat  country  east  of  these 
mountains,  in  some  places  a  mile  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  is  called  "  The  Plains." 

The  Pacific  slope  of  the  Western  High- 
land is  much  steeper  than  the  Atlantic 
slope  of  the  Eastern  Highland.  The 
ranges  of  mountains  near  the  Pacific  are 
sometimes  called  the  Pacific  System.  Find 
the  valley  of  the  Columbia  River. 


There  is  a  large  inland  basin  in  the  Western 
Highland  that  does  not  drain  into  any  ocean. 
Its  rivers  empty  into  lakes  which  have  no  out- 
let to  the  sea.  The  water  of  these  lakes,  and 
of  all  others  that  have  no  outlets,  evaporates 
rapidly,  leaving  behind  the  salt  that  is  washed 
from  the  soil  and  carried  into  them  by  the 
streams.     Hence  such  lakes  become  very  salt. 

Find  the  Colorado  River.  On  its  way  from 
the  highland  to  the  sea,  this  river  flows  in 
places  through  long,  deep  channels  called  can- 


yons, 


whose   sides   are   sometimes   a  mile  in 


height.  The  Columbia  River  is  a  very  large 
river  which  has  also  cut  its  way  through  the 
mountains.  The  scenery  along  both  of  these 
rivers  is  wonderfully  grand  and  beautiful. 


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RAIN 

III  THE 

UNITED  STATES. 

The  darker  the  shading 
the  heavier  the   rainfall. 


Grand  Canyon — Colorado  River. 


Here  is  a  map  which  shows  the  rainfall  of 
our  country.  The  darker  the  shading,  the 
heavier  is  the  rainfall.  Notice  that  the  east- 
ern half  of  the  United  States  has  much  more 
rain  than  the  western  half.  The  warm,  moist 
winds  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Carib- 
bean Sea  sweep  northward  and  bring  this  rain. 
You  know  that  plants  thrive  best  where  they 
can  have  warmth,  moisture,  and  good  soil.  All 
these  are  found  in  the  eastern  half  of  our 
country. 

The  rainfall  map  shows  also  that  the  high 
plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  are  very  dry. 
Their  soil  is  rich  in  plant  food,  and  the  climate 
is  good,  although  cooler  than  that  of  the  low- 


lands  in  the  same  belt,  yet 
there  is  very  little  plant  life. 
There  are  a  thin  growth  of 
grass,  some  sagebrush,  and 
a  few  trees  along  the  banks 
of  the  streams. 

Let  us  find  the  reason  for 
this  lack  of  rain.  The  winds 
that  blow  over  the  Western 
Highland  from  the  Pacific 
Ocean  reach  the  land  with 
plenty  of  moisture,  but  when 
they  strike  the  steep  slopes, 
a  few  miles  inland,  they  are 
forced  up  into  cooler  air  and 
become  chilled.  The  rain 
falls  on  the  western  slope, 
but  the  winds  that  pass 
over  the  mountains  have 
little  moisture  left. 

If  there  were  no  high 
mountains  in  the  way  of  the 
moisture  from  the  Pacific, 
the  heavy  rainfall  on  the 
western  slopes  would  be 
spread  over  what  is  now 
the  gi/eat  dry  region  of  our 
country.  Then  our  farming 
land  would  be  nearly  twice 
as  extensive  as  it  is  now. 

The  streams  that  cross  the 
dry  plains  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  are  fed  by  the 
melting  snow  on  the  high 
mountain  ranges.  People 
dig  ditches,  sometimes  many 
miles  in  length,  and  turn  the 
water  of  these  streams  into 
them.  At  the  proper  times 
this  water  is  allowed  to  run 
out  of  the  ditches  over  the 
land,  taking  the  place  of  rain- 
fall. Watering  the  soil  in 
this  way  is  called  irrigation. 
(See  picture  of  irrigation  on 
page  68.) 


Map  Studies.— Which  is  the  largest  state  in  the  Union?  Which  has 
the  greatest  extent  of  seacoast  ?  Of  lake  coast  ?  What  states  are  wholly 
or  partly  peninsular?  Which  state  is  bordered  by  the  greatest  number  of 
other  states  ?  What  states  border  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  On  the  Pacific  ? 
On  the  Great  Lakes  ?  On  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  What  states  and  territories 
border  on  Mexico  ?  Name  the  states  along  the  northern  frontier.  Which 
is  the  most  eastern  state?  Western?  Northern?  Southern?  What 
states  border  on  the  Mississippi  River?      On  the  Missouri  River? 


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UNITED   STATES. 


38.    PEOPLE  AND  RESOURCES. 

The  position  of  our  country,  its  soil  and  cli- 
mate, and  the  character  of  its  people,  have  all 


helped  to  make  it 
one  of  the  foremost 
nations  of  the  world. 

There  are  in  the 
United  States  and 
its  possessions  about 
eighty-five  millions 
of  people.  Most  of 
these  are  of  the 
white  race.  The  ne- 
groes number  more 
than    ten    millions, 

and  there  are  several  millions  of  Malays 
and  mixed  races,  together  with  a  number 
of  Indians  and  a  few  Chinese. 

So  much  is  offered  by  the  earth  to  man  in 
our  country  that  people  from  all  parts  of 
Europe  have  come  here  to  live.  No  doubt 
some  of  the  pupils  of  your  school  have  par- 
ents who  came  from  beyond  the  sea. 

The  United  States  is  a  great  food-produc- 
ing country.  Its  grainfields,  cattle  ranges, 
and  fisheries  feed  not  only  our  own  people, 
but  also  a  great  part  of  the  people  of  Europe. 

The  United  States  is  a  great  mining  country. 
The  rich  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  and  coal 
mines  of  the  Western  Highland,  the  coal  and 


iron  of  the  Eastern  Highland,  and  the  copper 
and  iron  of  the  Great  Lake  region,  have  added 
largely  to  its  wealth. 

The  United  States  is  a  great  manufactur- 
ing country.  With  its  abundance  of  coal, 
iron,  cotton,  wool,  lumber,  and  other  mate- 
rials, and  the  immense  water  power  fur- 
nished by  its  streams,  it  is  well  fitted  for 
making  goods,  and  the  products  of  its  work- 
shops and  factories  are  sent  to  all  parts 
of  the  world. 

The  United  States  is  a  great  lumber 
country.  When  the  white  man  first  came 
here  the  greater  part  of  the  land  was  cov- 
ered with  forests.  Many  of  these  have  been 
cleared  away,  but  vast  tracts  remain  that 

will    supply  lumber 
for  years  to  come. 

The  United  States 
is  a  great  commercial 
country.  With  its 
navigable  rivers  and 
lakes,  its  railroads, 
its  canals,  and  its 
good  harbors  on  two 
oceans,  it  can  easily 
and  cheaply  send  to 


the  markets  of  the  world  the  products  of  its 
farms,  its  herds,  its  mines,  its  factories,  its  for- 
ests, and  its  fisheries. 


HISTORICAL  AND  POLITICAL. 


51 


39.    HISTORICAL  AND   POLITICAL. 

You  have  learned  that  the  eastern  part  of  our 
country  was  settled  hy  the  English.  There 
were  in  all  thirteen  colonies,  which  were  ruled 
by  England  for  more  than  one  hundred  and 
fifty  years.  But  at  length  they  became  strong 
enough  to  manage  their  own  affairs,  and  would 
no  longer  obey  the  unjust  commands  of  the 
mother  country. 

On  the  fourth  day  of  July,  in  the  year  1776, 
the  thirteen  colonies  declared  themselves  free 
from  England.  They  afterwards  united  to  make 
a  nation,  and  that 
nation  has  ever 
since  been  called 
the  United  States. 
The  English  sent 
soldiers  here  and 
made  war  for  sev- 
eral years  against 
these  colonies,  but 
were  at  last  de- 
feated. Our  na- 
tion has  always 
been  victorious  in 
its  wars. 


The  thirteen  orig- 
inal states  as  they 
are  called  are  New 


Washington  taking  command  of  the  American  army. 


Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connec- 
ticut, New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Dela- 
ware, Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,   and    Georgia. 

From  time  to  time  new  tracts  of  country 
have  been  acquired  by  the  United  States,  until 
it  now  extends  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the 
Pacific.  New  states  have  been  formed,  until 
now  there  are  forty-five.  There  are  also  several 
territories  which  in  time  may  become  states. 

The  United  States  has  other  land  in  different  parts 
of  the  world.  Alaska  was  bought  from  Russia  in 
1867.  After  the  Spanish-American  War  of  1898, 
Spain   gave   up   to  us  the  Philippine  Islands  and 


Porto  Rico.  What  other  island  did  Spain  lose  at 
the  same  time?  The  Hawaiian  Islands  were  added 
to  the  United  States  in  1898. 

The  United  States  is  governed  by  officers 
elected  by  the  people,  and  is,  therefore,  a  re- 
public. Were  you  ever  at  an  election?  At 
what  age  are  young  men  allowed  to  vote  ?  The 
laws  that  are  made  by  the  states  and  by  the 
nation  must  agree  with  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States.  Ask  your  teacher  to  tell 
you  about  the  Constitution. 

The  United  States  makes  laws  to  govern  the 
nation,  but  each  state  makes  the  laws  needed 

in  its  own  affairs. 
What  is  the  chief 
officer  of  a  state 
called!  Who  is 
the  governor  of 
your  own  state, 
and  when  was  he 
elected  ?  The  prin- 
cipal officers  of 
the  territories  are 
appointed  by  the 
President  of  the 
United  States. 
A  territory  may 
become  a  state 
when  there  are 
enough  people. 


Find  the  city  of  Washington,  the  capital  of  the 
United  States.  It  is  in  a  very  small  section 
called  the  District  of  Columbia.  After  whom 
was  this  city  named?  Write  what  you  know 
about  this  great  man.  What  city  is  the  capital 
of  your  own  state  ? 

What  is  meant  by  the  "  Star-Spangled  Ban- 
ner"? The  flag  of  our  country  has  thirteen 
stripes,  seven  red  and  six  white.  These  stand 
for  the  thirteen  original  states.  In  the  blue 
field  is  one  star  for  each  state.  How  many 
stars  are  now  on  our  flag  ?  How  many  were  on 
the  first  flag?  A  new  star  is  added  whenever 
a  new  state  is  made. 


Longitude       West      from      Greenwich 


NEW  ENGLAND   STATES. 

Scale  :    Twice  (hat  of  the  other  Sectional  Maps  of  the  United  States. 
Capitals  of  Countries  thus :  ©        Capitals  of  States  thus1;  $ 

Scale  of  Miles, 
i 

80  MILES  TO  ONE  INCH. 


Longitude       West      from.     Greenwich 


SECTIONS  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


53 


40.     SECTIONS. 

A  study  of  the  surface  of  the  United  States 
from  the  relief  map  on  page  46  shows  that  the 
states  may  be  naturally  grouped  together  into 
the  following  sections : 

1.  The  New  England  States. 

2.  The  States  of  the  Atlantic  Slope. 

3.  The  States  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

4.  The  Plateau  States. 

5.  The  States  of  the  Pacific  Slope. 


A  New  England  manufacturing  town. 


41.  THE  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 


Maine  (Me.) 

New  Hampshire  (N.  H.) 

Vermont  (Vt.) 


Massachusetts  (Mass.) 
Rhode  Island  (R.  I.) 
Connecticut  (Conn.) 


Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  the  United  States  is 
New  England?  Name  the  New  England  States. 
This  section  contains  the  smallest  state  in  the  Union. 
Name  it.  What  do  you  notice  in  regard  to  the  coast 
line  of  New  England  ?  Which  state  has  no  seacoast  ? 
Which  is  the  longest  river  in  New  England?  The 
largest  lake  ?  What  hays  on  the  coast  of  Massachu- 
setts ?  What  capes  ?  What  islands  along  the  south- 
ern coast  of  New  England?  What  arm  of  the  sea? 
What  mountains  in  Vermont  ?  In  New  Hampshire  ? 
What  noted  peak  in  the  White  Mountains  ?  To  what 
system  do  these  mountains  belong  ?  Compare  the  scale 
of  this  map  with  that  of  the  other  sectional  maps. 


Notice  on  the  map  on  page  49  the  other  states 
that  are  in  the  same  belt  as  New  England. 
This  is  the  cool  belt  of  the  United  States.  The 
climate  of  New  England,  however,  is  gen- 
erally colder  than  that  of  the  states  farther 
inland.  What  do  you  think  is  the  reason  for 
this! 

New  England  is  part  of  the  Eastern  Highland 
region.  Much  of  the  surface  is  therefore  too 
rough  for  farming,  but  there  are  some  smooth 
and  fertile  valleys.  The  abundant  rainfall 
feeds  many  streams  that  furnish  water  power. 
For  these  reasons,  and  because  it  was  not  a 
good  farming  country,  New  England  early  be- 
came a  manufacturing  section.  Only  two  or 
three  states  in  the  Union  make  more  goods  than 
Massachusetts.  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut 
also  are  noted  for  their  manufactures. 

Find  the  Merrimac  River.  It  is  said  that  this  river 
moves  more  machinery  than  any  other  river  in  the 
United  States. 

The  factories  of  New  England  make  many 
kinds  of  goods.  Among  them  are  cotton  and 
woolen  cloth,  boots  and  shoes,  hardware,  cloth- 
ing, paper,  jewelry,  watches  and  clocks,  bicycles, 
firearms,  and  hundreds  of  other  useful  things. 
These  manufactures  are  the  chief  exports. 
Write  a  list  of  what  New  England  must  import 
to  run  her  factories  and  feed  her  people. 

The  great  forest  belt  that  extends  westward 
from  the  Atlantic  crosses  this  section.  Most  of 
the  trees  have  been  cut  down,  but  in  the  north 
there  is  still  much  lumber.  Maine  is  the  great 
lumber  state.  Much  of  her  timber  is  ground 
into  wood  pulp,  which  is  used  in  making  paper. 
In  the  ocean  waters  great  quantities  of  codfish 
and  mackerel  are  caught  by  the  fishermen  of 
Maine  and  Massachusetts. 

New  England  is  rich  in  building  stones. 
Massachusetts,  Maine,  and  New  Hampshire  ex- 
port much  granite.  The  last  is  sometimes 
called  the  "  Granite  State."  Marble  is  so  plen- 
tiful in  parts  of  Vermont  and  Massachusetts 
that  the  walls  between  fields  are  built  of  it. 


80'      Longitude    West  from    Greenwich     $1 


Sllwaul,.,. 


STATES  OP  THE 

ATLANTIC    SLOPE. 

Same  Scale  as  Maps  of  the  States  of  the"Miaslssippi  Valley,  O    TT    T\ 

the-  Plateau   States   and  the  States  of  the  Pacific  Slope.  1 

Capital  of  United  States  Urns:...® 
Capitals  of  States  thus  :  *>    Canals:—™. 

Scale  of  Miles. 

0    ,    ,    .     _  SO .         _    ,100  200 


C.  Sable  ^~g 


Longitude     M'e»t  from     Greenwich 


NEW  ENGLAND   STATES. 


55 


There  is  much  beautiful   scenery  in   New 
England.     Thousands    of    people    from    other 
states  spend  their  summers   among  the 
mountains    or  along   the   seacoast 
of  this  section.    Find  the  White 
Mountains.      Mount  Wash 
ington.    Ask  your  teacher 
why  New  Hampshire  is 
called  the  "  Switzerland 
of    America."       Find 
the  Green  Mountains. 
How    does    Vermont 
derive  its  name  from 
these  mountains? 

Find  Boston  ou  the 
map.    It  is  the  chief  city 
of  New  England,  and  be- 
cause of  its  fine,  deep  harbor 
has  become  one  of  the  great 
commercial  cities  of  the  United 
States.    It  manufactures  clothing, 
machinery,  books,  and  many  other 
things.     It  is  the  greatest  boot  and  shoe 
market  in  the  world,  and  has  a  large  trade 
in  fish.      Boston   is  a  noted  literary  center. 

Boston  is  noted,  too,  for 
events  that  happened  before 
and  at  the  time  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary War.  Bunker  Hill 
Monument  was  built  in  mem- 
ory of  one  of  the  first  battles 
of  that  war.  Ask  your  teacher 
to  tell  you  why  the  shiploads 
of  tea  were  thrown  overboard 
in  Boston  harbor.  Faneuil 
Hall  in  Boston  is  called  the 
"Cradle  of  Liberty."     Why? 

Find  Providence. 
It  is  the  second 
city  of  New  Eng- 
land. Its  great 
factories  make  cot- 
ton, woolen,  iron, 
and    steel    goods, 

Bunker  Hill  Monument.  and  much  jewelry. 


Worcester,  the  second  city  of  Massachusetts, 

and  New  Haven,  the  largest  city  of  Connecticut, 

are  also  important  manufacturing  centers. 

It  is  said  of  New  Haven  that  "  it 

makes  everything  from  a  pin 

to  a  steam  engine." 

Lowell  and  Fall  River,  in 
Massachusetts,  and  Man- 
chester, in  New  Hamp- 
shire,  are    the    great 
centers  of  cotton  man- 
ufactures in  New  Eng- 
land.    Manchester  is 
the  largest  city  of  New 
Hampshire. 
Portland,  the  chief  city 
of  Maine,  has  one  of  the 
finest  harbors  in   the 
United  States.    Ice  and 
fish  are  the  chief  exports. 
Burlington,    the     largest 
city    of  Vermont,    is    on 
Lake    Champlain,   the  great 
water   way  of  the   forest   belt. 
It  has  a  large  trade  in  lumber.     Locate  on  the 
map  all  the  cities  named  in  the  text.     Find 
the  capital  of  each  state. 

42.  STATES  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  SLOPE. 


TE-MOUNTAIN 
SCtNERT. 


New  York  (N.  Y.) 
New  Jersey  (N.  J.) 
Pennsylvania  (Pa.) 
Delaware  (Del.) 
Maryland  (Md.) 


Virginia  (Va.) 
North  Carolina  (N.  C.) 
South  Carolina  (6.  C.) 
Georgia  (Ga.) 
Florida  (Fla.) 


Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  the  United  States  is 
this  group  ?  Name  the  states  composing  it.  Which 
is  the  largest  state  ?  The  smallest  ?  The  most  north- 
erly ?  The  most  southerly  ?  Which  has  no  seacoast  If 
What  two  border  on  the  Great  Lakes?  What  bays 
indent  the  coast?  What  sounds?  What  rivers  flow 
into  these  arms  of  the  sea  ?  Where  is  Long  Island  ? 
Cape  May?  Cape  Hatteras?  Cape  Sable?  What 
mountain  system  crosses  these  states  ?  Name  its  main 
ranges.  What  mountain  groups  are  in  the  state 
of  New  York  ?     Where  is  Niagara  Falls  ? 


56 


UNITED  STATES. 


The  States  of  the  Atlantic  Slope  lie  in  the 
cool  and  the  warm  belts  of  the  United  States. 
As  they  extend  for  more  than  a  thousand  miles 
north  and  south,  we  know  that  the  climate  of 
one  part  must  differ  from  that  of  the  other. 
Where  is  the  warmest  part  of  this  group  ?  The 
coolest?    Why? 

In  the  northern  part  of  this  section  are  vast 
beds  of  coal  and  iron,  and  rich  wells  of  petro- 
leum and  natural  gas.  There  are  many  fine 
farms  also.  Here,  too,  are  great  arms  of  the 
sea  running  far  inland,  and  many  good  harbors. 
The  chief  railroads  and  canals  of  the  United 
States  cross  this  section,  bringing  the  products 

of  the  West  to 
the  Atlantic  sea- 
ports. 

New  York 
leads  all  the 
other  states  of 
the  Union  in 
wealth,  popula- 
tion, commerce, 
and  manufac- 
tures.    For  this 


A  "gushing"  petroleum  well. 


reason  it  is  called  the  "Empire  State."  It  is 
also  a  great  farming  state.  Pennsylvania,  too, 
has  many  fine  farms,  but  the  chief  wealth  of 
the  state  is  in  its  coal,  iron,  and  petroleum, 


and  in  its  manufactures.  More  coal  is  mined 
and  more  iron  and  steel  are  made  in  Pennsyl- 
vania than  in  all  the  other  states  together. 


How  turpentine  is 
collected. 


New  Jersey  has  important 
manufactures.  A  great  part 
of  this  state  and  of  Delaware 
is  devoted  to  raising  fruits 
and  vegetables  for  the  large 
Eastern  cities.  Maryland  is 
a  farming  and  mining  state. 
Chesapeake  Bay,  the  great  in- 
land water  way  of  Maryland 
and  Virginia,  is  noted  for  its 
oystei's  and  game. 
Virginia  is  principally  a  farming  state,  and 
raises  large  quantities  of  tobacco  and  peanuts. 
South  of  Virginia  is  the  cotton  country.  (See 
map,  page  50.)  In  the  coast  regions  of  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia  there  are 
extensive  pine  forests  that  yield  rosin,  tar,  pitch, 
and  turpentine — commonly  known  as  "naval 
stores."  Great  fields  of  rice  are  found  in  the 
low  coast  lands. 

Georgia  is  a  leading  state  in  the  production 
of  cotton,  rice,  and  naval  stores.  It  has 
ample  water  power  and  growing  manufac- 
tures. Florida  raises  oranges,  pineapples,  and 
early  vegetables  in  abundance  for  the  Northern 
markets.  Its  mild  climate  makes  this  state  a 
favorite  winter  resort  for  invalids. 


STATES  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  SLOPE. 


57 


The  city  of  New  York  is  the  largest  city 
and  chief  seaport  of  the  United  States,  and  is 
the  second  city  of  the  world  in   population, 


'  Liberty  Enlightening 
the  World." 


wealth,  and  commerce.  It  is  connected  by  rail 
and  by  water  with  all  parts  of  the  Union.  Ves- 
sels of  all  nations  are  found  at  its  wharves.  It 
is  also  a  great  manufacturing  center. 

The  city  of  New  York  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hud- 
son River.     It  comprises  Manhattan  Island,   and 
part  of  the  mainland  north,  the  whole  of  Staten 
Island,  and  the  western  end  of  Long  Island,  in- 
cluding Brooklyn.     The 
East      River      between 
Manhattan     and    Long 
islands  is  crossed  by  a 
suspension  bridge  more 
than  a  mile  in  length. 
There  are  about   three 
and  one  half  millions  of 
people  in  this  great  city. 
Only   four    states    have 
a  greater  population. 

If  we  sail  up  New 
York  harbor,  one  of  the 
first  things  to  attract  our 
attention  is  the  statue  of 
"  Liberty  Enlightening 
the    World."      This   is 


Independence  Hall,  Philadelphia. 


erected  on  a  small  island. 
Some  idea  of  the  size  of  this 
statue  may  be  had  when  we 
remember  that  its  nose  is 
more  than  four  feet  in  length, 
and  the  rest  of  its  body  in 
proportion. 

Find  the  Erie  Canal. 
Where  this  water  way  en- 
ters Lake  Erie  there  has 
grown  up  the  flourishing 
city  of  Buffalo,  which  has- 
a  large  trade  with  the 
West  through  the  Great 
Lakes  and  by  rail.  Roch- 
ester, on  the  Erie  Canalr 
has  extensive  flour  mills. 
Opposite  New  York  is  Jersey  City.  In  what 
state  and  on  what  river  is  it?  Many  ocean 
steamers  sail  from  here.  A  few  miles  inland  are 
Newark  and  Paterson.  The  former  is  the  largest 
city  of  New  Jersey,  and  is  a  manufacturing  cen- 
ter ;  the  latter  is  noted  for  its  silk  mills. 

Philadelphia  is  a  seaport,  although  it  is  nearly 
a  hundred  miles  from  the  ocean.    How  do  you 
explain  this  ?    It  is  within  easy  reach  of  the 
coal  and  iron  mines  of  Pennsylvania ;  hence 
it  has  naturally  become  a  great  manufac- 
turing city,  with  more   than  a  million  in- 
habitants.     Ask   your  teacher  how   the 
names  "  Philadelphia"  and  "  Pennsylvania  n 
were   made   up,   and 
also  what  each  name 
means. 


Among  the  principal 
manufactures  of  Phila- 
delphia are  locomotives, 
iron  and  steel  steam- 
ships, heavy  machinery, 
carpets,  clothing,  and  re- 
fined sugar.  The  Dec- 
laration of  Independ- 
ence was  made  at  Inde- 
pendence Hall  in  this 
city,  July  4, 1776.  What 
was  this  declaration  1 


STATES  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY. 


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UNITED    STATES. 


Wheat  harvestin: 


Minnesota. 


this  section  are  rich  in  minerals,  and  much 
manufacturing  is  done  in  the  cities  and  towns. 

The  greatest  wheat  farms  of  the  world  are 
found  in  the  northwestern  states  of  this  section. 
A  single  wheatfield  in  Minnesota  or  North 
Dakota  may  cover  hundreds  of  acres.  Minne- 
sota is  the  leading  wheat  state. 

The  corn  belt  lies  farther  south,  Iowa  being 
the  leading  corn  state.  Much  of  this  grain  is 
fed  to  cattle  and  to  the  vast  droves  of  hogs, 
whose  products  are  among  the  leading  exports 
of  our  country.  On  the  plains  of  Kansas  and 
Nebraska  great  herds  of  cattle  are  pastured. 
Name  the  principal  hog  products.  Cattle 
products. 

Millions  of  bushels  of  rye,  oats,  and  barley  are 
raised  in  this  section.  Name  some  of  the  uses  of 
these  grains.  In  the  northwest  hops  and  flax 
are  grown,  and  in  Kentucky  hemp  and  tobacco. 
What  are  their  uses !  Much  wool  is  produced, 
Ohio  being  the  leading  wool-growing  state. 

From  the  forests  of  Minnesota,  Wisconsin, 
and  Michigan  come  great  quantities  of  hard 
wood  and  pine  lumber  for  our  houses  and  fur- 
niture. In  the  states  of  the  plains  west  of  the 
Missouri  and  the  Red  rivers  there  is  but  little 
timber.    Name  these  states. 

Much  soft  coal  is  mined  in  West  Virginia, 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  and  Mis- 


souri. Petroleum  and  natural  gas  abound  in 
the  first  three  states.  About  one  third  of  the 
iron  ore,  copper,  and  salt  produced  in  the  United 
States  comes  from  Michigan.  Wisconsin  has 
rich  iron  mines.  The  zinc  mines  of  Missouri 
are  among  the  most  important  in  the  world, 
and  the  state  has  valuable  lead  and  iron  mines. 

Find  the  Black  Hills.  The  discovery  of  gold  in 
these  hills  led  to  the  settlement  of  this  locality.  The 
wheat  raised  in  the  Dakotas,  however,  is  of  greater 
value  than  the  gold  mined  in  this  region. 

The  leading  states  of  the  northern  Mississippi 
Valley  in  wealth  and  population  are  Illinois, 


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Felling  a  great  pine  tree. 


STATES    OF    THE    MISSISSIPPI   VALLEY. 


61 


A  busy  street,  Chicago. 

Ohio,  Missouri,  and  In- 
diana. They  are  among 
the  best  farming  states, 
and  contain  most  of 
the  large  and  important 
cities  of  this  section. 

Chicago  is  the  chief 
city  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  states,  and  is 
next  to  New  York  in 
population.  In  what 
state  and  on  what  body 
of  water  is  it?  Trace 
on  the  map  the  water 

route  from  Chicago  to  Buffalo.  From  Buffalo 
to  New  York.  (See  map,  page  54.)  Is  it 
cheaper  to  send  goods  by  water  or  by  rail? 
Chicago  is  the  greatest  railway  center  in  the 
world,  and  has  extensive  manufactures  of  iron 
and  steel.  It  is  also  the  leading  grain  and 
meat  market  of  the  world. 

In  1837  Chicago  was  incorporated  as  a  city,  with  a 
population  of  about  4000.  In  1900  its  population  was 
about  1,700,000.  Where  can  Chicago  get  its  coal? 
Its  iron  ?    Its  grain  ?    Its  cattle  ?     How  can  it  trans- 


Great  bridge 


port  these  to  the  markets  of  the  world  ?     How  can  you 
account  for  the  wonderful  growth  of  this  great  city  1 

St.  Louis,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Missouri,  is,  from  its  position,  a 
natural  trade  center.  What  three  cities  in  the 
Union  are  larger  than  St.  Louis  ? 

Cincinnati,  Columbus,  Louisville,  and  Indianap- 
olis are  the  most  important  cities  in  the  Ohio 
Valley.  Cincinnati  and  Columbus  are  great 
trade  and  manufacturing  centers,  Indianapolis 
is  an  important  railroad  center,  and  Louisville 
is  one  of  the  chief  tobacco  markets  of  the  world. 
Milwaukee,  Detroit,  and  Cleveland  are  among 
the  largest  shipping  ports  of  the  Great  Lakes. 
Name  another  large  lake  port,  in  New  York. 
These  cities  all  have  important  manufactures. 

The  largest  flour 
mills  in  the  world  are 
at  Minneapolis,  on  the 
Mississippi  River. 

Here  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony  furnish  im- 
mense water  power. 
Across  the  Mississippi 
is  the  sister  city  of  St. 
Paul,  the  capital  of 
Minnesota.  These  two 
cities  form  a  great  com- 
mercial and  manufac- 
turing center. 

Kansas  City  and  St. 
Joseph  are  the  chief 
cities  of  western  Mis- 
souri, and  both  are  important  trade  centers. 
Kansas  City,  Kansas,  which  adjoins  the  Mis- 
souri city  of  the  same  name,  ranks  next  to 
Chicago  in  the  meat-packing  industry.  Omaha 
is  the  leading  commercial  city  of  Nebraska. 
On  what  river  are  these  cities  ? 

Des  Moines  is  the  capital  and  chief  city  of 
Iowa.  It  is  a  railroad  and  trade  center.  Sioux 
Falls  is  the  chief  city  of  South  Dakota,  and 
Fargo  of  North  Dakota.  Locate  the  cities  named 
in  the  text.     Find  the  capital  of  each  state. 


Mississippi  at  St.  Louis. 


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STATES    OF    THE    MISSISSIPPI    VALLEY. 


63 


Cotton  picking  in  the  South. 

44.     STATES  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI 
VALLEY, 

SOUTHERN  SECTION 


Tennessee  (Tenn.) 
Alabama  (Ala.) 
Mississippi  (Miss.) 
Arkansas  (Ark.) 


Louisiana  (La.) 

Texas  (Tex.) 

Indian  Territory  (Ind.  T.) 

Oklahoma  Territory  (Okla. 


The  states  that  form  the  southern  section  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley  are  also  fanning  states. 
In  all  of  them  cotton  is  cultivated  and  corn  is 
the  principal  grain.  The  lowlands  of  Louisiana 
yield  about  half  the  rice  and  most  of  the  sugar 
cane  raised  in  the  United  States. 

Much  of  this  section  is  heavily  wooded  with 
oak,  ash,  hickory,  and  other  hard  woods.  In 
Alabama  and  Mississippi  are  great  forests  of 
yellow  pine  like  that  along  the  southern  Atlan- 
tic coast.  Western  Texas  and  Oklahoma  Ter- 
ritory are  almost  treeless,  but  afford  pasturage 
for  vast  herds  of  cattle. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  this  section  is  consid- 
erable. Tennessee  has  mines  of  coal  and  iron, 
and  much  fine  marble.  Northern  Alabama  has 
an  abundance  of  coal,  iron,  and  limestone. 
Arkansas  is  famous  for  its  hot  springs.  In 
some  of  the  cities  the  manufactures  are  becom- 
ing important. 

Indian  Territory,  which  is  included  in  this 
section,  was  set  apart  by  the  United  States 
Government  as  the  home  of  those  tribes  that 


had  given  up  their  lands  elsewhere.  It  is  a 
beautiful,  fertile  country,  and  many  of  the  In- 
dians living  there  are  civilized.  Find  Tah- 
lequah.  It  is  the  chief  town,  and  the  capital  of 
the  Cherokee  nation. 

Oklahoma  Territory,  formerly  a  part  of  Indian 
Territory,  was  opened  to  settlement  in  1889.  It 
is  now  occupied  by  a  thrifty  people  who  raise  mil- 
lions of  bushels  of  wheat  and  corn,  and  many 
bales  of  cotton,  every  year.  Guthrie  is  the  capital. 

The  coast  of  the  states  bordering  on  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  is  low  and  sandy.  Many  of  the  river 
mouths  are  obstructed  by  sand  bars.  There  are 
but  few  good  harbors. 


Shipping  cotton  and  sugar,  New  Orleans. 

New  Orleans  is  the  largest  city  of  the  South. 
It  is  built  around  a  sharp  bend  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  and  for  that  reason  is  often  called 
the  Crescent  City.  It  is  the  chief  outlet  of 
trade  in  the  South,  and  is  one  of  the  greatest 
cotton  markets  in  the  world. 

Nashville  is  an  important  inland  center  of 
trade.  Memphis  and  Vicksburg,  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  are  great  cotton  ports.  Large- 
quantities  of  cotton  are  shipped  also  from  the 
gulf  ports  of  Mobile  and  Galveston.  Dallas  is  the 
chief  commercial  center  of  northern  Texas.  Little 
Rock  is  the  capital  and  chief  city  of  Arkansas. 

Locate  all  the  cities  named  in  the  text.  Find 
the  capital  of  each  state. 


PLATEAU    STATES. 


65 


Strange  rock  forms,  Colorado. 


45.     THE   PLATEAU    STATES. 


Montana  (Mont.) 
Idaho 

Wyoming  (Wyo.) 
Nevada  (Nev.) 


Utah 

Colorado  (Colo.) 
Arizona  (Ariz.) 
New  Mexico  (N.  Mex.) 


Arizona  and  New  Mexico  are  territories. 

Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  the  United  States 
are  the  Plateau  States?  Which  two  border  on 
Canada  ?  Which  two  on  Mexico  ?  How  many  inches 
do  these  states  extend  on  the  map  from  north  to 
south?  Tell  by  the  scale  how  many  miles  this  dis- 
tance represents.  What  kind  of  surface  have  the 
Plateau  States?  Find  the  head  waters  of  the  Mis- 
souri River.  Of  the  Snake  branch  of  the  Colum- 
bia. Of  the  Green  branch  of  the  Colorado.  In 
what  state  do  all  these  rise  ?  What  oceans  do  their 
waters  finally  reach?  What  states  do  the  Rocky 
Mountains  cross? 

The  Plateau  States  occupy  the  highest  and 
most  rugged  part  of  our  country.     Most  of  the 
surface  is  a  mile  or  more  above  the  sea  level, 
What  difference  does  this  elevation  make  in 
the  climate? 

Think  of  a  snowstorm  in  our  country  on  the 
Fourth  of  July !  Yet  this  often  happens  among  the 
mountains  of  these  states.  There  is  snow  on  Pikes 
Peak  all  the  year.     Find  this  peak. 

These    states,  however,   have   hot  summer 
days,  but  the  nights  are  always  cool.     The 


winters,  except  in  the  extreme  south,  are  very 
severe.  Find  Arizona  Territory.  The  south- 
western part  of  this  territory  is  lowland,  and 
here  is  found  the  hottest  and  driest  region 
in  the  United  States. 

Find  the  Great  Basin.  Most  of  Nevada  and 
a  part  of  Utah  lie  in  this  basin.  Notice  that  its 
streams  have  no  outlet  to  the  sea.  What  do 
you  know  about  its  lakes?  Find  Great  Salt 
Lake.     Much  of  the  Great  Basin  is  a  desert. 

Many  years  ago  an  immense  inland  sea  covered 
this  basin.  This  is  shown  by  the  old  shore  lines 
high  up  along  the  surrounding  mountain  sides. 

Find  the  Yellowstone  Park.  It  is  the  "  Won- 
derland of  America."  Here  are  great  geysers, 
shooting  up  columns  of  hot  water  high  in  the 
air.  Here  also  are  boiling  springs,  mud  pools, 
fire  holes,  lakes,  waterfalls,  and  rocks  of  many 
colors  and  strange  forms.  Everywhere  the 
scenery  is  grand  and  beautiful. 

The  Plateau  States  abound  in  natural  wonders. 
In  Colorado,  the  "  Garden  of  the  Gods  "  attracts  thou- 
sands of  visitors.  It  is  a  narrow  inclosed  valley  at 
the  foot  of  Pikes  Peak,  full  of  strange  rock  forms. 
The   region    surrounding    Pikes    Peak,    on    account 

of  its  dry,  pure  air,  is  a 
noted  health  resort. 

The  Grand  Canyon  of 
the  Colorado  River  in  Ari- 
zona (see  page  47)  is  a 
long,  deep  chasm  at  the 
bottom  of  which  the  river 
flows,  in  some  places  a 
mile  below  the  surface 
of   the    plateau. 


Geyser  and    hot   springs, 
Yellowstone  Park. 


66 


UNITED    STATES. 


Would  you  think  of  the  Plateau  States  as  a 
great  agricultural  section?  "Why?  Yet  much 
farming  is  done  in  the  river  valleys  and  near 
the  mountains,  where  the  land  can  be  irrigated. 
What  is  irrigation  ?  East  of  the  Eocky  Moun- 
tains these  states  stretch  out  into  the  Great 
Plains,  on  which  vast  herds  of  cattle  and  im- 
mense flocks  of  sheep  are  pastured. 

The  rainfall  in  this  part  of  the  section  is  slight,  but 
it  is  sufficient  for  the  growth  of  a  coarse  grass  called 
bunch  grass,  which  makes  very  good  pasturage. 
Some  of  the  stock  farms,  or  ranches,  are  as  large  as 
the  state  of  Rhode  Island. 

The  most  important  industry  of  this  section, 
however,  is  mining.  It  is  the  greatest  silver- 
mining  region  in  the  world,  and  is  rich,  also,  in 
gold,  copper,  and  lead.     Colorado  leads  in  the 


Shipping  silver  bars,  Colorado. 

production  of  silver,  gold,  and  lead,  and  Mon- 
tana, in  copper.     Coal  is  mined  in  Wyoming. 

The  southern  part  of  this  section  was  settled 
by  the  Spaniards,  and  their  language  is  still 
spoken  to  some  extent.  Santa  Fe,  the  capital 
of  New  Mexico,  is  a  very  old  city.  It  was  an 
Indian  village,  or  pueblo,  long  before  the  Span- 
iards came  to  this  country.  There  are  more 
Indians  in  New  Mexico  than  in  any  other  part 
of  the  section. 

Denver  is  the  largest  city  and  the  most  im- 
portant commercial  center  of  the  Plateau  States. 
It  is  near  a  rich  mining  region,  and  smelting  is 
a  leading  industry.     What  is  smelting? 


Other  important  mining  and  smelting  towns 
are  Leadville,  Pueblo,  and  Cripple  Creek  in 
Colorado,  and  Butte  in  Montana.  The  last  is 
near  the  largest  copper  mines  in  the  world. 

Find  Salt  Lake  City.  It  was  built  by  a  people 
called  Mormons,  who  founded  a  state  in  the 
wilderness.  The  Mormon  temple  and  taber- 
nacle attract  much  attention  from  visitors. 
Find  the  capital  of  each  state  and  territory,  and 
locate  all  the  cities  named  in  the  text. 


Sheep  ranch,  Wyoming. 


46.     STATES   OF  THE  PACIFIC   SLOPE. 

Washington  (Wash.) 
Oregon  (Ore.) 
California  (Cal.) 


Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  the  United  States 
is  this  section?  What  do  you  know  of  its  surface? 
What  mountain  ranges  are  in  these  states?  Which 
is  the  largest  state?  How  does  it  compare  in  size 
with  your  own  state?  What  important  harbor  in 
California  ?  What  large  arm  of  the  sea  extends  into 
Washington  ?  What  large  river  in  the  north  ?  What 
river  borders  southeastern  California  ? 

The  snow-capped  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  the  Cascade  Mountains  traverse  this  section 
from  north  to  south.  East  of  these  ranges  the 
climate  is  much  drier  than  on  the  western  slope. 
What  reason  can  you  give  for  this? 


125°    Longitude  West  from  Greenwich      120° 


Same  Scale  as  Maps  of  the  States  of  the  Atlantic 
Slope,  the  States  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and 
the  Plateau  States. 


120°  Longitude     West     from      Greenwich 


Fertile  valleys  run  through  these 
states,  parallel  to  the  coast.  Here  are 
the  extensive  grainfields  of  the  Pacific 
Slope.  Notice  the  great  valley  of  Cali- 
fornia. What  rivers  drain  this  valley? 
In  the  south  the  land  must  be  irrigated 
in  order  to  raise  good  crops. 

The  warm,  moist  winds  from  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  give  the  coast  valleys  of 
these  states  a  mild  climate  that  is  much 
the  same  throughout  the  year  except  in 
the  matter  of  rainfall.  Find  the  "Willa- 
mette River.  In  the  valley  of  this  river 
flowers  bloom  most  of  the  winter  in  the 
open  air.  What  Atlantic  state  has  the 
same  latitude  ? 

The  richness  of  the  soil  and  the  fa- 
vorable climate  make  this  region  one  of 
the  greatest  fruit-growing  countries  in 
the  world.  Grapes,  cherries,  prunes, 
and,  in  the  southern  section,  oranges, 
lemons,  and  apricots  are  raised  in  im- 
mense quantities.  Much  of  the  fruit  is 
shipped  East  in  refrigerator  cars,  but 
more  is  canned  for  export.  What  are 
made  from  grapes  ? 

The  mountain  slopes  of  this  section 

are  covered  with  dense  forests  of  pine, 

fir,  and  redwood.     Some  of  the  largest 

trees  in  the  world  are  found  in 

central  California.     Find  Pu- 

get  Sound.     Some  of  the  most 

extensive  lumber  mills  in  the 

country  are  on  this  body  of 

water.     The  lumber  products 

are  shipped  in  large  quantities 

to  all  parts  of  the  world. 


The  "  big  trees  "  of  central  Cal- 
ifornia are  among  the  wonders  of 
this  section.  Some  of  them  are 
more  than  300  feet  high  and  from 
50  to  100  feet  in  circumference. 
At  the  base  of  one  of  the  largest 
a  tunnel  has  been  cut,  through 
which  a  four-horse  team  has  been 
driven.     (See  picture,  page  43.) 


67 


68 


UNITED    STATES. 


The  hilly  lands  of  the  Pacific  States  make 
good  pasture  grounds,  and  many  cattle  and 
sheep  are  raised.  Much  fine  wool  is  produced, 
and  the  dairy  products  are  valuable.  Of  what 
other  wool-growing  regions  have  you  learned? 


A  salmon  cannery. 

In  the  northern  rivers  of  this  section,  espe- 
cially in  the  Columbia  River,  are  the  most  noted 
salmon  fisheries  in  the  world.  Millions  of  pounds 
of  these  fish  are  canned  and  exported  every  year. 

The  discovery  of  gold  in  California  in  1848 
led  to  the  rapid  settlement  of  that  state.  For 
many  years  it  produced  more  gold  than  any 
other  state  in  the  Union,  yet  the  products  of 
its  soil  are  now  of  more  value  than  those  of  its 
mines.  Much  of  the  coal  used  on  the  Pacific 
Slope  is  mined  in  "Washington. 

There  is  much  grand  and  beautiful  scenery 
among  the  mountains  and  valleys  of  this  sec- 
tion. The  famous  Yosemite  Valley  in  California 
attracts  visitors  from  all  parts  of  the  country. 


San  Francisco  is  the  chief  city  of  this  section. 
It  is  one  of  the  natural  gateways  of  commerce 
between  the  United  States  and  the  countries 
bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean.  What  is  its 
harbor  called  ?  The  entrance  to  this  fine  har- 
bor is  known  as  the  "  Golden  Gate."  Why  was 
this  name  given  to  it? 

People  of  all  nations  are  found  in  San  Francisco. 
One  part  of  this  city  is  called  "Chinatown."  Here 
are  more  Chinamen  than  in  any  other  city  in  the 
United  States.  They  have  their  own  shops,  stores, 
and  places  of  worship  and  amusement. 


Golden  Gate,  San  Francisco. 


Orange  grove,  southern  California — irrigation. 

Los  Angeles,  in  southern  California,  is  the 
center  of  the  fruit  and  wine  trade.  It  is  also  a 
noted  health  resort. 

Portland,  next  to  San  Francisco,  is  the  most 
important  city  on  the  Pacific  coast.  It  is  at 
the  head  of  ship  navigation  on  the  Willamette 
River,  more  than  one  hundred  miles  from  the 
ocean,  and  has  a  large  foreign  commerce. 

Compare  the  location  of  this  city  with  that  of  Port- 
land, Maine.  Tell  by  the  scale  of  the  map  of  the 
United  States  how  far  apart  the  two  cities  are.  How 
far  is  New  York  from  San  Francisco  ? 

Find  Seattle  and  Tacoma.  On  what  body  of 
water  are  they  ?  Seattle  is  a  commercial  center, 
and  has  a  large  trade  with  Alaska.  Tacoma  has 
important  manufactures,  and  a  heavy  trade  in 
lumber  and  wheat. 

Locate  all  the  cities  named  in  the  text.  Find 
the  capital  of  each  state. 


47.    DETACHED  POSSESSIONS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,  WITH  CUBA. 


On  the  map  of  the  world,  pages  36  and  37,  find 
Alaska,  Porto  Rico,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Philippine 
Islands,  Guam  Island,  Tutuila,  and  Wake  Island. 
These  all  belong  to  the  United  States. 

Alaska  was  bought  from  Eussia  in  1867.     It 
is  more  than  twice  as  large  as  the   state   of 
Texas.     It  consists  of  a  great  peninsula,  to- 
gether with  a  chain  of  islands  stretching  almost 
to  the  coast  of  Asia.    What  sea  is  partly  in- 
closed by  these  islands  ? 
What    strait    connects 
this  sea  with  the  Arctic 
Ocean  ?  What  capes  ex- 
tend   into   this   strait? 


The  glaciers  descend  to  the  sea, 

What  do  you  learn  of  the 
surface  of  Alaska  from  the 
relief  map  (page  39J? 
What  large  river  flows 
through  this  country!  It 
forms  a  water  way  to  the 
famous  Klondike  gold  re- 
gion in  Canada,  but  is 
closed  by  ice  the  greater 
part  of  the  year.  Find 
Mount  St.  Elias.  It  is  one  of  the  high  peaks 
of  North  America.    Which  is  the  highest  peak  ? 

The  climate  of  northern  Alaska  is  one  of  ex- 


and  break  off  in  huge  masses,  called  icebergs 


treme  cold.  In  the  south  it  is  milder  than  that 
of  the  same  latitude  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 
This  is  due  to  the  warm,  moist  winds  of  the 
Pacific  which  blow  over  its  shores.  In  this 
section,  many  glaciers  form  in  the  mountain 
valleys,  and  descend  to  the  sea,  where  they 
break  off  in  huge  masses,  called  icebergs. 

Glaciers  are  formed  by  snow  that  falls  and  drifts 
into  narrow  valleys  far  up  among  the  mountains.  In 
time  this  snow  becomes  compressed  into  solid  ice, 
which  moves  slowly  down  the 
slopes  a  few  inches  or  a  few  feet 
daily.  For  this  reason  glaciers 
have  been  called  "  rivers  of  ice." 

The  wealth  of  Alaska  is  in 
its  furs,  its  fish,  and  its  rich 
gold  mines.  Find  the  Pribilof 
Islands.  The  seal  fisheries  of 
these  islands  are  the  most- 
noted  in  the  world.  Have  you 
ever  seen  seal  furs  ?  What 
use  is  made  of  them? 

About  half  the  people  of 
Alaska  are  whites.  In  the 
southwest,  most  of  the  natives  are  Indians.  In 
the  north  are  a  few  Eskimos.  Sitka  is  the 
capital,  and  Nome,  the  largest  city. 


70 


UNITED    STATES. 


CUBA,      HAITI, 

PORTO  RICO,    JAMAICA 

AND 

BAHAMA  ISLANDS. 

Scale  of  Miles. 


ISO  MILES  TC    ONE  INCH. 

Saute  scale  as 
~y    Map  of  the  Uoited  States. 


Royal  palms. 


Cuba  was  under  the 
control  of  the  United 
States  from  1898  to  1902, 
when  it  became  an  independent  republic.  What 
separates  Cuba  from  Florida? 

In  1898  war  broke  out  between  the  United  States 
and  Spain.  The  chief  events  of  this  war  were  the 
destruction  of  the  Spanish  fleets  at  Manila,  in  the 
Philippine  Islands,  and  at  Santiago  in  Cuba.  By  a 
treaty  made  in  December,  1898,  Spain  surrendered 
the  Philippine  Islands,  Porto  Rico,  and  a  number  of 
smaller  islands  to  the  United  States.  She  also  gave 
up  all  claim  to  the  island  of  Cuba. 


vegetation.  Sugar,  tobacco,  and  tropical  fruits 
are  the  chief  products,  and  are  largely  exported. 
There  are  many  negroes  on  this  island. 
Havana,  the  capital,  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  a 
great  commercial  city. 

Porto  Rico  is  about  five  hundred  miles  east 
of  Cuba,  It  is  nearly  half  as  large  as  New  Jer- 
sey. The  surface  is  hilly,  and  the  climate  is 
more  healthful  than  that  of  the  other  islands  of 


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A  sugar  estate,  Cuba. 

Cuba  is  nearly  as  large  as  Pennsylvania. 
Part  of  it  is  mountainous.  From  its  locality, 
what  kind  of  a  climate  should  it  have?  The 
fertile  soil  and  abundant  rainfall  cause  a  rich 


San  Juan,  Porto  Rico. 

this  region.  Coffee,  sugar,  and  tobacco  are  the 
chief  products.  The  island  is  thickly  settled, 
and  many  of  the  people  are  negroes.  San  Juan 
is  the  capital  and  largest  city.     Find  Ponce. 

The  Philippine  Islands  lie  in  the  same  belt 
as  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico.     (See  map,  pages  36 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS— HAWAIIAN    ISLANDS. 


71 


them  are  mountainous.  Luzon,  the  largest, 
is  about  the  same  size  as  Virginia. 

The  people  belong  mostly  to  the  Malay  or 
brown  race.  They  are  called  "Filipinos."  Ma- 
nila, the  capital,  is  a  large  commercial  city,  and 
exports  great  quantities  of  hemp  and  tobacco. 

The  Hawaiian  Islands  were  annexed  to  the 
United  States  in  1898.  They  form  a  moun- 
tainous group  far  out  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
about  two  thousand  miles  southwest  of  San 


A  native  house,  Philippine  Islands 


and  37.)  Both  groups  have,  therefore, 
nearly  the  same  climate  and  vegeta- 
tion. There  are  two  thousand  islands 
in  the  Philippine   group.     Many  of 


Gardiner  I. 
Brother*  Reef 


Shoal  »  ..... 

French  Frigafe 

Shoal 


Longitude  Weat  from  Greenwich 


HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS 

Same  scale  as  Map  of  the  United  States. 


**  Frost  Shoal 


Scale  of  Miles. 

Up  100  200 


-'■...   MILES  TO  ONE  INCH. 


Nlihaii  t? 


120°       Bashi  Channel |  £ ——  —  - 

Ballintang  Channel 

PHILIPPINE 
ISLANDS. 

Same  scale  as  the  Map 

or  the  Uufted  States. 

Scale  of  Mil..-. 


1,u  A° 


j  no 


ZSO   MILES  TO   ONE    INCH. 


PA    C    I   F   I    C 


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£  M  t 


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Francisco.  Where  is  San  Francisco?  This 
group  gets  its  name  from  Hawaii,  the  largest 
island.  There  are  eight  principal  islands  and 
a  number  of  very  small  ones. 

The  climate  is  very  pleasant.  The  natives 
who  belong  to  the  brown  race  are  fast  dying  out. 
Much  sugar  is  raised  and  exported.  Honolulu, 
the  capital,  is  an  important  commercial  city. 


A  native  feast,  Hawaiian  Islands. 


72 


OTHER  COUNTRIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TEST  AND  REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

36.  In  what  continent  is  the  United  States  ?  In  what 
part  ?  What  is  the  climate  ?  What  waters  border  our 
country  ?  What  other  countries  ?  Which  of  the  coast 
lines  are  most  broken  ?  Name  the  principal  bays.  Capes. 
Draw  an  outline  map  of  the  United  States. 

37.  Where  is  the  great  highland  region?  The  smaller 
highland  region?  What  lies  between  them?  Where  is  the 
Atlantic  Slope?  The  Pacific  Slope ?  What  great  river  drains 
the  Mississippi  Valley?  Name  its  chief  branches.  Name 
two  rivers  of  the  Pacific  Slope.  What  river  drains  the  Great 
Lakes?  Name  four  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  Slope.  Where  is 
the  greatest  rainfall?     Why?     The  least?    Why? 

38.  In  what  respects  is  the  United  States  a  great  country? 
What  helps  to  make  it  so?  How  many  people  live  in  the 
United  States?     What  kinds  of  people ? 

39.  To  what  country  did  the  United  States  at  first  belong? 
When  did  the  colonies  become  free?  Name  the  thirteen 
original  states.  How  many  are  there  now?  What  other 
land  does  the  United  States  own?  What  form  of  govern- 
ment do  we  have?  What  is  the  difference  between  a  state 
and  a  territory?  Who  is  now  President  of  the  United 
States?     Make  a  picture  of  the  "  Star-Spangled  Banner." 

40.  Name  the  sections  into  which  the  United  States  may 
be  naturally  divided.  Tell  where  each  is  located.  Which 
is  the  largest?     The  smallest? 

41.  What  is  the  climate  of  New  England?  What  is  the 
leading  industry?  Why?  Name  some  of  the  manufactures. 
What  are  some  of  the  other  important  interests?  Which  is 
the  largest  city?     The  next  largest? 


42.  How  does  the  climate  of  the  States  of  the  Atlantic 
Slope  vary?  Why?  What  are  the  two  great  manufacturing 
and  commercial  states  of  this  section?  Which  state  has  the 
greatest  mineral  wealth?  Name  the  leading  products  of 
the  Southern  Atlantic  States.  Which  is  the  foremost  state 
of  the  Union?  In  what  does  it  lead?  The  chief  city  of  the 
Union?  What  other  very  large  city  in  this  section?  Name 
the  principal  seaports. 

43,  44.  What  is  the  leading  occupation  of  the  States  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley?  Where  is  the  most  wheat  raised? 
Corn?  Cotton?  Cattle?  Sugar?  Where  are  the  great 
lumber  regions?  What  is  the  chief  city  of  this  section? 
Name  three  other  large  cities  on  the  Great  Lakes.  One  on 
the  Ohio  River.  One  at  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  River. 
One  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 

45.  Why  are  the  Plateau  States  so  called?  What  kind 
of  surface  has  this  section?  Climate?  What  is  the  most 
important  industry?  Name  some  of  the  wonders  of  the 
Plateau  States.     Which  is  the  largest  city? 

46.  What  mountains  traverse  the  States  of  the  Pacific 
Slope?  What  is  the  climate  of  this  section?  What  are  the 
leading  products?  Name  the  largest  and  most  important 
city. 

47.  Name  the  detached  possessions  of  the  United  States. 
Where  is  Alaska?  When  and  how  did  the  country  become 
ours?  What  of  its  climate ?  People?  Products?  Where 
is  Porto  Rico  ?  Where  are  the  Philippine  Islands  ?  When 
and  how  did  we  gain  possession  of  these  islands  ?  What  of 
their  climate,  people,  and  products?  Chief  city?  When 
were  the  Hawaiian  Islands  annexed?  Describe  their  climate, 
people,  products,  and  chief  city. 


OTHER  COUNTRIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

(See  map,  page  44.) 


48.    DOMINION  OF   CANADA,  AND 
NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Map  Studies.— What  waters   border   on   Canada? 
What  countries?    What  large  inland  body  of  water 

in  Canada  ?     What  connects  it  with     

the  Atlantic  Ocean?  What  gulf  in 
the  southeast?  What  large  island 
east  of  this  gulf?  What  island 
southwest  of  Canada  ?  Where  is  the 
main  highland  region  of  Canada? 
Where  is  Mount  Logan  ?  What 
river  flows  into  the  Arctic  Ocean? 
Of  what  lakes  is  this  river  the  out- 
let ?  What  river  flows  into  Hudson 
Bay  ?  From  what  lake  ?  What  river 
flows  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ? 
From  what  lakes  does  it  flow  ? 


Caribou  or  reindeei 


You  will  notice  from  the  maps  that  the 
greater  part  of  Canada  lies  in  the  Central 
Plain  of  North  America.  What  country  oc- 
cupies the  southern  part  of  this  plain?  Tell 
by  the   rivers   the  difference  in   the    general 

slope  of   these   two   countries. 

What  have  you  learned  about 

the  climate  of  the  northern  part 

of  North  America? 


While  Canada  is  an  English  col- 
ony, it  mainly  governs  itself.  The 
chief  ruler,  however,  is  appointed  by 
the  King  of  England.  Newfound- 
land, including  Labrador,  also  is  a 
colony  of  England,  but  does  not  form 
part  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada. 


DANISH  AMERICA. 


73 


The  winters  even  in  south- 
ern Canada  are  long  and  cold, 
but  grains,  fruits,  and  vege- 
tables ripen  there  during  the 
summer  months.  West  of 
Lake  Winnipeg  are  broad, 
fertile  prairies  which  reach 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Here  large  crops  of  wheat  are 
raised,  much  of  which  is  sent 
to  the  United  States  and 
Europe. 

North  of  the  grain-growing 
section  is  a  great  forest  belt 
that  stretches  across  the 
continent.  Besides  yielding 
much  lumber,  these  forests 
are  the  home  of  many  fur- 
bearing  animals,  that  are 
hunted  chiefly  by  the  Indians.  Here  and  there 
through  the  fur  country  are  built  trading  posts, 


The  city  of  Quebec. 


A  Canadian  trading  post. 

or  houses  where   the  furs   are  collected   and 
shipped  to  Europe  and  the  United  States. 

Rivers  and  lakes  are  the  main  highways  of  the  fur 
country.  When  the  ice  melts  in  the  rivers,  canoes 
are  used  to  transport  :goods.  In  winter,  loads  are  car- 
ried over  the  frozen  streams  and  through  the  snowy 
forests  on  sledges  drawn  by  dogs.  Men  on  foot  use 
snowshoes  to  help  them  travel. 

Beyond  the  forest  belt  the  icy  plains  of  the 
"  Great  Lone  Land "  stretch  northward  to  the 


frozen  ocean.  There  are  a 
few  scattered  tribes  of  In- 
dians and  Eskimos  in  this 
region.  The  latter  live  near 
the  coast  in  winter,  but  dur- 
ing the  short  arctic  summer 
they  move  inland  to  hunt  the 
caribou,  or  reindeer,  which 
wander  in  herds  over  the 
country. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  Can- 
ada is  principally  in  the 
mines  of  coal  and  gold  in  the 
western  highland  region. 
Find  Dawson.  It  is  the 
center  of  the  famous  Klon- 
dike gold  region. 

Find  Ottawa.  It  is  the 
capital  of  the  Dominion  of 
Canada.  Find  Quebec  and  Montreal.  These  are 
important  commercial  cities  on  the  St.  Lawrence 
River.  They  are  connected  with  the  Pacific 
coast  by  the  Canadian-Pacific  Railroad,  one  of 
the  longest  in  the  world. 

Find  Winnipeg.  It  is  the  center  of  the  Ca- 
nadian wheat-growing  region. 

On  what  peninsula  is  Halifax  f  Find  St. 
John's,  the  capital  of  Newfoundland.  The 
waters  near  by  abound  in  codfish,  mackerel, 
and  herring ;  hence  these  cities  are  great  fish- 
ing centers.  Salmon  are  caught  in  the  eastern 
streams,  but  in  greater  numbers  on  the  Pacific 
coast. 

49.    DANISH    AMERICA. 

Map  Studies. — By  what  waters  is  Greenland  sur- 
rounded? In  what  cape  does  it  end  in  the  south? 
Where  is  Iceland  ?     What  noted  volcano  in  Iceland  ? 

Greenland.  Think  of  a  country  almost  en- 
tirely covered  with  snow  and  ice  hundreds  of 
feet  thick!  Such  is  Greenland,  the  home  of 
glaciers  and  icebergs.  Along  the  western  coast 
of  the  island  are  several  Danish  settlements 
and  a  few  scattered  tribes  of  Eskimos. 


74 


OTHER  COUNTRIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


A  little  grass  and  a  few  stunted  trees  grow 
in  sheltered  places,  also  the  moss  upon  which 
the  reindeer  feeds.  During  the  short  arctic 
summer  a  few  flowers  bloom.  The  polar  bear 
and  the  musk  ox  are  found  here,  and  the  sur- 
rounding seas  abound  with  whales,  seals,  wal- 
ruses, and  many  kinds  of  waterfowl. 

Iceland.  Because  of  warm  ocean  currents, 
the  climate  of  Iceland  is  milder  than  that  of 
Greenland,  and  grass  and  hardy  vegetables 
grow  well.  The  people  are  intelligent,  and  set 
great  store  by  learning.  They  are  employed  in 
fishing,  and  in  raising  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep. 

The  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  seem  to  meet 
in  Iceland.  Numerous  geysers  spout  up  boil- 
ing water,  and  active  volcanoes  send  out  floods 
of  fiery  lava  amid  fields  of  snow  and  ice. 


A  street  in  the  city  of  Mexico. 

50.    MEXICO,  CENTRAL  AMERICA,  AND 
THE  WEST   INDIES. 

Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  North  America  are 
Mexico  and  Central  America  ?  What  mountain  peak 
in  Mexico?  What  waters  east  of  Mexico?  West? 
What  river  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico? 
What  peninsula  in  the  western  part  of  Mexico?  In 
what  cape  does  it  end  ?  What  peninsula  in  the  south- 
east ?  What  large  lake  in  Central  America  ?  Where 
are  the  West  Indies  ?  What  sea  do  they  partly  inclose  ? 
Name  the  largest  four  islands.  What  group  of 
islands  northeast  of  Cuba? 


A  Mexican  kitchen. 

Mexico.  Let  us  cross  Mexico  from  east  to 
west.  Along  the  gulf  coast  is  a  broad,  low 
plain,  which  is  hot,  moist,  and  unhealthful.  As 
we  go  westward  the  land  rises  gradually.  We 
see  plantations  of  cotton,  sugar  cane,  coffee,  and 
tobacco.  There  are  forests  of  palm,  mahogany, 
and  other  trees  of  the  warm  belt.  Here  are 
found  also  the 'plants  that  produce  vanilla  and 
sarsaparilla.  Monkeys  and  many  bright-col- 
ored birds  and  insects  abound. 

We  continue  our  journey,  getting  higher  and 
higher  above  the  sea  level  as  we  near  the  moun- 
tains. Does  the  weather  get  warmer  or  cooler 
as  we  ascend?  We  notice  trees  of  the  same 
kinds  that  grow  in  our  own  country.  We  see 
also  fields  of  wheat  and  corn,  and  herds  of 
cattle  and  sheep. 

This  journey  can  be  made  by  rail  in  a  few  hours, 
and  these  changes  in  climate  and  products  noticed 
during  the  trip. 

We  reach  at  last  the  central  plateau  which 
forms  a  large  part  of  Mexico.  What  is  a  pla- 
teau? Lofty  mountain  chains  rise  from  the 
edge  of  this  highland,  and  here  and  there  are 
snow-covered  peaks,  many  of  which  are  vol- 
canoes. Find  Mount  Orizaba.  It  is  one  of  the 
highest  mountains  of  North  America.  Are 
there  any  large  rivers  in  Mexico? 

Many  cattle  and  sheep  are  raised  on  this  pla- 
teau. There  are  also  rich  silver  mines  that 
have  been  worked  ever  since  the  country  was 


CENTRAL   AMERICA. 


75 


conquered  by  the  Spaniards,  about  four  hun- 
dred years  ago.  Indians  and  half-breeds  form 
a  large  part  of  the  population.  The  latter  are 
the  descendants  of  whites  and  Indians. 

The  city  of  Mexico  is  the  capital  and  most 
important  city.  Find  Vera  Cruz.  Most  of  the 
foreign  commerce  of  the  country  passes  through 
this  port.  The  chief  exports  are  silver,  cattle, 
hides,  coffee,  tobacco,  vanilla,  and  dye-woods. 


Loading  mahogany  logs. 

Central  America  consists  of  five  small  repub- 
lics and  a  British  colony.  The  sui'face,  climate, 
products,  and  people  are  similar  to  those  of 
southern  Mexico.  In  the  chief  mountain  range, 
along  the  Pacific  coast,  there  are  many  vol- 
canoes. We  get  from  this  country  mahogany, 
logwood,  coffee,  and  bananas. 

Find  Lake  Nicaragua.  It  is  proposed  to  make  a 
canal  partly  by  way  of  this  lake  through  which  ocean 
steamers  and  other  large  vessels  can  pass.  What 
waters  will  it  connect  ?  How  would  this  canal  be  of 
great  importance  to  the  world's  commerce  ? 

The  West  Indies  is  the  name  given  to  the 
chain  of  islands  that  extends  almost  from 
Florida  to  South  America.  The  largest  and 
most  important  are  Cuba,  Haiti,  Jamaica, 
and  Porto  Rico.  Jamaica  is  a  British  colony, 
and  Haiti  is  divided  into  two  negro  republics. 
What  have  you  learned  of  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico?     (See  page  70.) 


Loading  bananas. 

Some  of  these  islands  are  mountainous,  and 
others,  like  the  Bahamas,  are  low  coral  forma- 
tions. Fierce  storms  called  hurricanes  sweep 
over  the  West  Indies,  causing  great  loss  of  life 
and  property.  In  what  zone  are  they  ?  What, 
then,  is  their  climate? 

We  get  from  the  West  Indies  great  quantities 
of  sugar,  tobacco,  bananas,  and  other  products 
of  the  hot  and  the  warm  belts.  Many  of  the 
people  are  negroes.  Find  Havana.  It  is  the 
chief  center  of  commerce  of  the  West  Indies. 

TEST  AND  REVIEW"  QUESTIONS. 

48.  To  whom  do  the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  New- 
foundland belong?  Why  do  many  of  the  people  speak  the 
French  language?  What  have  you  learned  of  the  climate? 
Where  is  the  wheat  region?  The  fur  region?  The  gold 
region?  Where  are  the  fisheries?  What  fish  are  caught? 
What  is  the  capital  of  Canada?  Where  are  most  of  the 
cities? 

49.  What  islands  form  Danish  America?  Describe  the 
surface  of  Greenland.  What  plants  are  found  there?  What 
animals?  Who  live  there?  Why  is  Iceland  warmer  than 
Greenland?  For  what  are  the  people  noted?  What  are 
raised  on  the  island?     What  famous  volcano  is  there? 

50.  In  what  zones  are  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies?  In 
what  zone  is  Central  America?  What  kind  of  climate 
would  these  countries  naturally  have?  Explain  why  the 
products  of  both  the  warm  and  the  cool  belts  are  found  in 
Mexico.  Name  some  of  these  products.  What  is  the  chief 
mineral  wealth  of  Mexico?  Of  what  does  Central  America 
consist?  To  whom  do  the  four  principal  West  India  islands 
belong?  What  do  we  get  from  the  West  Indies  and  Central 
America?    What  city  is  the  chief  commercial  center? 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


51.    POSITION— EXTENT— COAST     LINE. 

In  what  direction  is  South  America  from 
North  America?  What  isthmus  connects  the 
two  grand  divisions?  What  ocean  east  of 
South  America?  West?  South  America  is  a 
little  more  than  two  thirds  as  large  as  North 
America.  Notice  that  these  two  grand  divi- 
sions are  somewhat  alike  in  shape.  Both  of 
them  are  widest  at  the  north,  and  both  taper  to 
a  narrow  strip  at  the  south. 

You  will  see  by  the  map  that  the  coast  line 
of  South  America  is  very  regular,  the  chief 
breaks  being  made  by  the  mouths  of  the 
Amazon  and  La  Plata  rivers.  How  may  the 
interior  of  the  continent  be  reached  by  sailing 
vessels  and  steamers? 

Find  the  equator  on  the  map.  What  part  of 
South  America  does  it  cross  ?  In  what  zone  is 
this  part  of  the  grand  division  ?  What  is  the 
climate?  As  you  go  south  from  the  equator, 
does  the  climate  grow  warmer  or  colder? 
What  zone  lies  south  of  the  Torrid  Zone  ?  (See 
map,  page  25.)  What  part  of  South  America 
is  in  this  zone?  Where  is  the  coldest  part  of 
South  America  ?    Of  North  America  ? 


That  portion  of 
South         America 
which    lies    in    the 
South        Temperate 
Zone  has  the  same 
seasons  that  we  have 
in  our  own  country. 
In  what  zone  is  our 
country  ?    When  it  is 
summer  with  us,  how- 
ever, it  is  winter  there. 
How  strange  it  sounds 
to  us  when   we  read   of 
very  hot  weather  at  Christ- 
mas in  those  southern  coun- 
tries!    Spring  there  begins  in 
the  month  of  October. 


You  have  learned  that  no   large 

arms  of  the  ocean  extend  far  into 

the  land  in  South  America;   name  two 

such  bodies  of  water  in  North  America.      What 

sea  is  north  of  South  America?    Name  an  arm 

of  this  sea  that  is  called  a  lake. 

What  are  the  most  northern,  eastern,  south- 
ern, and  western  capes  of  South  America.  (See 
map,  page  80.)  What  gulf  is  south  of  the 
Isthmus  of  Panama  ?  What  gulf  on  the  Pacific 
coast  south  of  the  equator? 

What  island  on  the  eastern  side  of  South  Amer- 
ica, at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  River  ?  What 
island  at  the  southern  end  of  South  America? 
What  strait  between  this  island  and  the  main- 
land ?  Ask  your  teacher  to  tell  you  the  story  of 
Magellan. 

What  small  island  west  of  the  southern  coast 
of  South  America?  What  famous  story  is 
supposed  to  be  connected  with  this  island? 
The  equator  crosses  a  group  of  islands  farther 
north ;  what  is  this  group  called  ? 

Galapagos  is  a  Spanish  word ;  it  means  "  turtles." 
These  islands  were  so  called  because  many  giant  tur- 
tles were  found  there.  Some  of  them  were  large 
enough  to  carry  a  man  upon  their  backs. 


76 


SURFACE  AND  DRAINAGE. 


77 


Relief  Map  of  SOUTH  AMERICA.—  Same  Scale  as  North  America,  Asia,  Africa,  and  Australia. 


52.    SURFACE  AND   DRAINAGE. 

Find  on  the  map  the  great  highland  region 
of  South  America.  In  what  direction  does  it 
extend?  This  region  is  called  the  Andes  High- 
land. Its  chief  mountain  ranges  are  the 
Andes  Mountains.  They  form  an  almost  un- 
broken wall  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  to  the 
Strait  of  Magellan.  What  other  grand  division 
has  a  wide  highland  region  in  the  western  part  ? 


The  altitude  of  the  Andes  Highland  is  more 
than  twice  that  of  the  Western  Highland  of 
North  America.  Find  Mount  Aconcagua.  It 
is  the  highest  point  of  the  Western  Continent. 
On  the  western  side  of  the  Andes  Highland 
the  slope  is  short  and  steep.  What  kind  of 
streams  would  you  expect  to  find  there?  On 
the  east  is  a  long,  gentle  slope  stretching  to 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  In  the  northeast  this 
slope  is  broken  by  the   Guiana  Highland.    In 


78 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


the  widest  part  of  the  grand  division  it  is 
broken  by  the  Eastern  or  Brazilian  Highland. 
These  two  highland  regions  are  much  less  in 
altitude  than  the  Andes  Highland. 

In  the  Andes  Highland  there  are  more  than 
thirty  volcanoes  that  nearly  always  appear  to 
be  crowned  with  smoke  or  flame.  Such  vol- 
canoes are  said  to  be  active.  In  this  region  the 
earth  at  times  shakes  fearfully.  Buildings  are 
thrown  down,  whole  cities  are  laid  in  ruins,  and 
thousands  of  people  lose  their  lives.  The  earth 
may  be  said  to  quake,  hence  these  shakings  are 
called  earthquakes. 


wide.  In  the  season  of  floods  its  waters  spread 
out  over  the  lowland  for  hundreds  of  miles. 
Let  us  see  where  all  this  water  comes  from. 


St        ,••-3 

Sr^fe^BaS^S 

•i  '\^^y 

■nfpl 

PaPWB 

§S25Gl 

af  iv  mm 

Rw^Zsfl 

An  earthquake. 

Sometimes  we  have  earthquakes  in  our  own  coun- 
try. Did  you  ever  feel  the  earth  tremble?  Ask 
about  the  earthquake  that  did  great  damage  to  the 
city  of  Charleston  in  1886. 

South  America,  like  North  America,  has  a 
central  plain  that  runs  nearly  the  whole  length 
of  the  grand  division.  Like  the  plain  of  North 
America,  it  has  also  a  low  swell  of  land  cross- 
ing the  middle  part.  Notice  the  streams  flow- 
ing north  and  south  from  this  divide.  Trace  a 
line  between  the  river  basins  of  the  Amazon 
and  the  Rio  de  la  Plata. 

The  Amazon  is  the  greatest  river  in  the 
world.  It  is  so  wide  at  its  mouth  that  the 
land  cannot  be  seen  on  either  side  from  a  ves- 
sel in  the  middle  of  the  stream.  Two  thousand 
miles  from  its  mouth  the  river  is  more  than  a  mile 


A  flood  in  the  Amazon. 

The  winds  in  the  northern  half  of  South 
America  blow  westward  from  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  As  these  moist  winds  glide  up  the 
eastern  slope  of  the  Andes  Highland  they 
reach  an  altitude  where  they  become  chilled,, 
and  the  water  falls  in  heavy  rains  on  the  slope, 
and  drains  off  into  the  large  rivers  which  flow 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

By  the  time  the  winds  get  over  the  high  Andes  in 
the  northern  part  they  have  dropped  all  their  mois- 
ture, leaving  none  for  the  western  slope.  There  are 
parts  of  this  coast  where  it  has  not  rained  within  the 
memory  of  man.  Is  the  land  fertile  where  no  rain 
falls?  What  name  is  given  to  such  land?  In  the- 
southern  part  of  South  America  the  winds  blow  to- 
ward the  east,  hence  in  that  section  we  find  arid  re- 
gions east  of  the  Andes. 

Along  the  greater  part  of  the  Amazon  on 
both  sides  there  are  vast  forests  so  thick  with 
trees,  tall  ferns,  and  climbing  vines  that  men 
can  scarcely  force  their  way  through.  These 
forest-plains  are  called  silvas.  People  who 
live  in  some  parts  of  these  forests  must  dwell 
in  boats  during  the  season  of  the  floods,  or  live 
in  the  tree  tops  like  monkeys.  Name  the 
largest  northern  branch  of  the  Amazon  River. 
The  largest  southern  branch. 


RESOURCES  AND  PRODUCTS. 


79 


Find  the  Orinoco  River.  Along  its  banks 
are  wide  plains  much  like  our  prairies.  They 
are  called  llanos.  This  is  the  Spanish  word 
for  plains.  In  the  dry  season  the  llanos  are 
sere  and  brown,  but  in  the  wet  season  they  are 
covered  with  grass,  and  great  herds  of  horses 
and  cattle  feed  there. 

The  llanos  and  the  silvas  lie  in  the  hot  belt.  In 
this  belt  it  is  always  summer,  except  in  places  where 
the  land  rises  high  above  the 
sea  level.  The  seasons  in  low- 
lands of  the  hot  belt  are  the 
wet  and  the  dry. 

Find  the  Rio  de  la  Plata. 
Bio  is  Spanish  for  river.  It 
looks  like  an  arm  of  the 
sea,  and  is  formed  by  sev- 
eral large  rivers.  Name 
them.  Trace  the  basin  of 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata.  It  has 
much  the  same  climate  as 
the  basin  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. On  its  great  plains, 
which  the  Spanish  call 
pampas,  grow  corn,  wheat, 
and  other  grains.  Horses, 
cattle,  and  sheep  are  raised  in  great  numbers 
and  add  much  to  the  wealth  of  the  country. 

53.  RESOURCES  AND  PRODUCTS. 

Do  you  drink  coffee  or  cocoa  with  your 
breakfast"?  In  wet  or  snowy  weather  do  you 
wear  overshoes  made  of  rubber?  Did  you 
ever  take  quinine  when  you  were  sick  ?  These 
things  probably  came  from  some  part  of  South 
America.  Are  they  animal  products,  or  do  they 
come  from  plants  ! 

The  cinchona  tree,  from  the  bark  of  which 
quinine  is  obtained,  and  the  rubber  tree  grow 
wild  in  South  America.  Mahogany  and  other 
hard-wood  trees,  palms,  and  plants  that  yield 
medicines  and  dyestuffs  also  grow  in  South 
America.     Flowering  vines  and  water  plants, 


and  bright-colored  birds  and  insects,  make  the 
forests  beautiful. 

Coffee  and  cocoa  grow  best  in  the  hilly 
regions  of  the  hot  belt.  In  this  belt  also  are 
raised  sugar,  cotton,  and  tapioca.  In  the  cool 
belt  farther  south  great  quantities  of  wheat 
and  other  grains  are  grown.  Fi'om  the  herds 
that  pasture  on  the  plains  come  hides,  tallow, 
and  other  cattle  products. 

There    are    many    wild 

animals  in   the  highlands 

and  forest  plains  of  South 

America.        The     fiercest 

beast  of  prey  is  the  jaguar, 

which  belongs  to  the  cat 

family.      Here    are    large 

snakes,  called  boaconstrict- 

ors,  which  crush  out  the 

lives  of  animals  by  coiling 

around  them.    Lively  troops 

of  monkeys  chatter  in  the  tree 

tops,     alligators     swarm     in    the 

streams,   and  among   the   peaks   of 


A  jaguar. 


A  train  of  llamas. 

the  Andes  soars  the  condor,  the  largest  bird  of 
flight  known.  The  grassy  lowland  plains  are 
well  fitted  for  the  raising  of  horses,  cattle,  sheep, 
and  other  domestic  animals. 

In  the  Andes  Highland  the  llama,  which  is  an 
animal  of  the  camel  kind,  is  used  to  carry  goods 
across  the  mountains.  It  is  a  little  larger  than 
a  sheep.     The  alpaca  also  is  found  in  the  high- 


80 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


land  region.     It  is  valued  on  account  of  its  fine, 
glossy  wool. 

The  Andes  Highland  has  long  been  famous 
for  its  silver  mines.  There  are  also  rich  mines 
of  gold  and  copper.  Along  the  Pacific  coast 
there  are  beds  of  nitrates,  which  are  exported 
in  large  quantities,  and  used  in  making  fertil- 
izers and  gunpowder.  In  the  Eastern  Highland 
there  are  noted  diamond  mines. 


Map  Studies.— What  countries  of  South  America 
border  on  the  Caribbean  Sea?  On  the  Atlantic 
Ocean?  On  the  Pacific  Ocean?  Which  two  have  no 
seacoast?  Which  is  the  largest  country  of  South 
America  ?  Compare  it  in  size  with  the  United  States. 
(See  tables,  page  127.)  Which  is  the  smallest  ?  Com- 
pare it  with  the  State  of  Washington. 

What  countries  are  wholly  or  partly  in  the  Torrid 
Zone  ?  What  countries  are  crossed  by  the  Tropic  of 
Capricorn  ?  What  zone  south  of  this  tropic  ?  What 
countries  are  wholly  or  partly  in  this  zone  ? 


PEOPLE    AND    COUNTRIES. 


81 


54.    PEOPLE   AND   COUNTRIES. 

Soon  after  the  Spaniards  discovered  the  New 
"World,  they  learned  that  there  was  much  gold 
in  the  great  highland  region  of  South  America. 
They  sent  soldiers,  who  overcame  the  Indian 
tribes  and  treated  them  with  great  cruelty,  kill- 
ing or  making  slaves  of  most  of  them.  Ask 
your  teacher  to  tell  you  of  Pizarro. 


Ruins  of  an  ancient  Inca  building. 

These  Indians  of  the  Andes  Highland  were 
called  Incas.  They  were  a  brave  people,  and, 
like  those  of  Mexico,  were  partly  civilized. 
They  had  wise  laws.  They  laid  out  splendid 
highways,  and  built  fine  bridges  and  temples  of 
cut  stone.  Most  of  the  South  American  In- 
dians of  the  present  day  are  savages,  living  by 
hunting  and  fishing. 

The  Spaniards  settled  near  the  northern  and 
western  coasts  of  South  America,  where  they 
built  large  cities.  These  Spanish  colonists 
were  so  badly  governed  by  their  mother  coun- 
try that  they  rebelled  and  became  independent. 

The  vast  tract  of  country  which  we  know  as 
Brazil  was  formerly  owned  by  Portugal,  a  coun- 
try of  Europe,  and  the  language  of  that  country 
is  still  spoken  there.  There  are  many  negroes 
in  the  eastern  coast  countries  whose  forefathers 
were  brought  from  Africa  as  slaves.  Slavery, 
however,  no  longer  exists  in  America. 


The  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  are  of  the 
white,  or  Caucasian,  race.  Of  late  years  many 
other  people  of  this  race  have  come  from 
Europe  and  settled  in  the  basin  of  La  Plata 
River.  The  commerce,  farming,  stock-raising, 
and  mining  of  South  America  are  done  by  peo- 
ple of  the  white  race.  There  is  but  little  manu- 
facturing. Notice  on  the  map  that  most  of  the 
cities  are  near  the  seacoast. 

There  are  many  people  of  South  America  that  are 
of  mixed  races.  They  are  the  children  of  Spanish 
and  Indian  parents,  or  of  Indians  and  Negroes. 

All  the  countries  of  South  America  except 
Guiana  are  republics.  Guiana  is  divided  among 
the  British,  the  Dutch,  and  the  French. 


A  coffee  plantation. 

55.    BRAZIL. 

Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  South  America  is 
Brazil?  What  countries  border  on  Brazil?  Which 
are  the  only  two  countries  of  South  America  that  do 
not  ?  What  river  with  its  branches  drains  the  north- 
ern part  ?  The  eastern  part  ?  The  southern  part  ? 
What  and  where  is  the  capital?  Name  three  other 
important  seaports. 

Brazil  is  about  as  large  as  our  own  country. 
It  lies  chiefly  in  the  hot  belt.  Only  a  small 
part  of  the  country  is  cultivated.  Notice  that 
Brazil  is  crossed  by  many  large  rivers. 


82 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


A  large  part  of  Brazil  is  a  highland  region, 
but  not  of  great  altitude.  On  this  upland  are 
the  plantations  that  supply  nearly  half  the 
coffee  that  is  used  in  the  world.  This  is  the 
chief  export.  Rubber,  hides,  tobacco,  cotton, 
and  sugar  are  also  exported. 

Coffee  is  the  seed  of  the  fruit  of  a  small  evergreen 
tree  that  thrives  best  in  warm,  well-watered  upland 
regions.  The  blossoms  which  are  very  fragrant  grow 
in  pure  white  clusters.  The  fruit  looks  something 
like  a  small  cherry.  Each  one  contains  two  seeds 
that  are  the  raw  coffee  of  commerce. 

Find  Rio  de  Janeiro.  It  is  the  capital  and 
largest  city  of  Brazil,  and  has  a  fine  harbor. 
You  have  heard  of  Rio  coffee.  It  takes  its 
name  from  this  city,  which  is  a  great  coffee- 
shipping  port.  Much  coffee  is  shipped  also 
from  Santos.    Find  Santos. 

Find  Bahia  and  Pernambuco.  These  are  the 
seaports  of  the  sugar  and  tobacco  regions. 
Find  Para.  From  Para  we  get  rubber  and 
other  products  of  the  Amazon  river  basin. 


Rubber  is  the  hardened 
sap  of  the  rubber  tree.  It 
is  gathered  by  the  In- 
dians, who  cut  gashes  in 
the  bark,  and  fasten  little 
cups  below.  Into  these 
cups  the  sap  slowly 
trickles.  When  enough  is  gathered  it  is  hardened  in 
the  smoke  from  a  fire  of  palm  nuts,  and  is  then  ready 
for  export.  In  our  country,  what  is  made  of  the  sap 
of  the  pine  tree  ?    Of  the  sugar  maple  tree  ? 


56.    ARGENTINA. 

Map  Studies.— What  ocean  east  of  Argentina? 
What  country  lies  between  Argentina  and  the  Pacific 
Ocean?  What  important  river  drains  the  northern 
part  ?     By  what  two  rivers  is  it  formed  ? 

Argentina  is  in  the  southern  warm  and  cool 
belts.  It  is  nearly  one  third  as  large  as  the 
United  States.  Its  surface  slopes  from  the  An- 
des Highland  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Where 
do  we  find  the  coldest  parts  of  this  country? 
Of  our  own  country  ?  The  southwestern  part 
of  Argentina  is  arid.     Why?     (See  page  78.) 

You  have  learned  about  the  pampas  with 
their  millions  of  cattle  and  sheep.  What  do 
you  think,  therefore,  should  be  a  leading  ex- 
port of  this  country  ?  The  river  valleys  in  the 
northern  part  of  Argentina  are  fine  grain-grow- 
ing lands,  and  much  wheat  also  is  exported. 


Traveling  on  the  pampas. 

Many  white  people  have  come  from  Europe, 
and  have  settled  here  as  farmers  and  herds- 
men. Thousands  of  miles  of  railroad  have 
been  built  to  transport  their  grain  and  cattle 
products  to  the  seaports. 

Find  Buenos  Ayres.  This  is  the  capital  and 
chief  commercial  center  of  Argentina,  and  the 
lai'gest  city  in  South  America.  The  harbor  is 
not  naturally  a  very  good  one,  but  has  been 
much  improved.  The  city  is  connected  by  rail- 
road with  Valparaiso  on  the  Pacific  coast. 


PARAGUAY,  URUGUAY,  AND  CHILE. 


83 


57.  PARAGUAY  AND  URUGUAY. 

Map  Studies.  — In  what  river  basin  are  Paraguay  and 
Uruguay  ?  What  branch  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  is  south 
of  Paraguay  ?  What  branch  is  west  of  Uruguay  ? 

Paraguay  and  Uruguay  are  sometimes  called 
La  Plata  countries.  Why?  They  are  thinly 
settled  and  are  but  slowly  increasing  in  popu- 
lation. The  raising  of  horses  and  cattle  in 
Paraguay  and  sheep  in  Uruguay  is  the  chief 
industry. 

Much  wheat  is  grown  in  Uruguay.  Paraguay 
has  immense  forests  of  valuable  timber,  and 
rich  beds  of  iron  ore  and  marble,  which,  how- 
ever, are  not  worked.  In  the  latter  country 
mate,  or  Paraguay  tea,  is  an  important  product, 
and  thousands  of  tons  are  exported. 


Mate  drinking  —  plant  and  utensils. 

Paraguay  tea  is  drunk  by  a  great  many  South 
American  people.  It  is  made  by  pouring  hot  water 
upon  the  dried  leaves  of  a  kind  of  holly.  The  people 
drink  this  tea  through  a  tube  about  eight  inches  long, 
on  the  end  of  which  is  a  strainer.  It  is  the  custom  to 
pass  the  vessel  containing  the  tea,  together  with  the 
tube,  from  mouth  to  mouth.  The  taste  of  the  tea  is 
very  different  from  that  of  the  tea  which  we  use. 
Where  does  our  tea  come  from  ? 

Find  Montevideo.  It  is  the  capital  and  chief 
commercial  city  of  Uruguay.  This  country, 
though  the  smallest  of  the  South  American  re- 
publics, is  fourth  in  the  value  of  its  foreign 
commerce.  It  is  about  the  size  of  the  state  of 
Wyoming.     What  is  the  capital  of  Paraguay? 


58.    CHILE. 

Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  South  America  is 
Chile  ?  What  countries  are  east  of  it  ?  What  moun- 
tain range  separates  them  from  Chile?  What  high 
peak  near  the  center  of  its  eastern  boundary  ? 

Chile  is  a  long,  narrow  strip  of  land  lying 
along  the  western  slope  of  the  Andes  Highland. 
It  extends  from  Peru  to  Cape  Horn,  a  distance 
of  more  than  2500  miles. 

Tell  why  there  are  desert  regions  in  the 
northern  part  of  Chile,  while  the  central  and 
southern  parts  have  enough  rain.  (See  page  78.) 
The  rivers  of  Chile  are  short,  rapid  streams. 
The  water  of  many  of  these  streams  is  used 
for  irrigation,  and  much  wheat  is  raised. 

Nitrates  are  the  most  important  product  of 
Chile,  and  great  quantities  are  exported.  What 
use  is  made  of  nitrates  ?  In  some  parts  of  Chile 
there  are  thousands  of  acres  of  nitrate  or  salt- 
peter beds,  eight  or  more  feet  in  depth. 


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A  street  in  Santiago. 

Chile  has  made  great  progress.  Its  cities, 
like  ours,  have  telegraphs,  telephones,  and 
street  cars.  Santiago,  the  capital,  is  the  largest 
city  west  of  the  Andes.  Its  seaport  is  Valpa- 
raiso, which  is  the  most  important  commercial 
city  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  South  America. 


84 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


The  lowlands  aiong  much  of  the  western  coast  of 
South  America  are  hot  and  unhealthful.  For  this 
reason  many  of  the  large  cities  like  Santiago,  Lima, 
Quito,  and  others,  are  built  on  the  interior  uplands, 
and  are  connected  by  railroad  with  their  seaports. 


Native  boats  on  Lake  Titicaca. 


59.    PERU   AND   BOLIVIA. 

Map  Studies.—  What  countries  border  on  Peru? 
On  Bolivia?  Which  of  the  two  has  no  seacoast? 
What  lake  lies  between  Peru  and  Bolivia?  What 
large  river  receives  most  of  its  water  from  the  eastern 
slopes  of  these  countries?  What  name  is  given  to 
the  plateau  that  forms  a  part  of  Bolivia'  and  Peru  ? 

Peru  and  Bolivia  lie  in  the  hot  belt,  but  the 
altitude  of  much  of  the  surface  is  so  great  that 
the  climate  is  cool  and  pleasant.  Like  most 
other  Andean  countries,  the  western  slopes  are 
rainless,  while  on  the  eastern  slopes  the  rainfall 
is  very  heavy. 

Peru  has  a  number  of  good  hai'bors,  and  next 
to  Chile  is  the  most  important  Andean  coun- 
try. It  exports  sugar,  silver,  cotton,  and  alpaca 
wool.  There  are  rich  petroleum  wells  in  the 
north.  The  commerce  of  Bolivia  is  chiefly 
through  Peruvian  ports.  The  chief  wealth  of 
this  country  is  in  its  mines  of  silver  and  tin. 
Cinchona  and  rubber  are  gathered  in  the  vast 
forests  of  the  eastern  slopes. 

More  than  one  half  of  the  people  of  Peru  and 
Bolivia  are  Indians  and  mixed  races.  Many  of 
the  Indians  are  still  uncivilized.  What  have 
you  learned  in  this  book  about  the  Incas  ? 


Find  Lima.  It  is  the  capital  and  chief  city 
of  Peru.  Its  houses  are  low  so  as  not  to  be 
shaken  down  by  earthquakes.  They  are  built 
chiefly  of  sun-dried  bricks.  Six  miles  west  of 
Lima  is  the  seaport  of  Callao.  The  largest  city 
of  Bolivia  is  La  Paz.  The  capital,  Sucre,  is 
near  the  rich  silver  mines  of  Potosi. 

60.  ECUADOR,  COLOMBIA,  AND 
VENEZUELA. 

Map  Studies.— la  what  part  of  South  America  are 
these  countries  situated?  Which  of  them  border  on 
the  Caribbean  Sea?  On  the  Pacific  Ocean?  What 
two  are  crossed  by  the  equator  ?  What  gulf  south  of 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama?  What  lake  in  Venezuela? 
What  group  of  islands  west  of  Ecuador  ?  What  two 
large  rivers  drain  these  countries  ? 

In  what  belt  do  these  three  countries  lie? 
How  do  you  know  this?  Is  it  very  hot  in  all 
parts  of  this  region?  Where  is  it  coolest? 
Ecuador  is  the  Spanish  word  for  equator. 


River  scenery  in  Kcuador. 

In  these  countries  there  are  few  good  roads, 
hence  there  is  much  fertile  land  that  is  not 
farmed  because  there  is  no  way  of  getting  the 
products  to  market.  Coffee,  cocoa,  and  cattle 
products  from  the  llanos  are  the  chief  exports. 
Venezuela  has  rich  gold  mines. 

The  Isthmus  of  Panama  is  part  of  Colombia. 
A  railroad  fifty  miles  in  length  crosses  the 
isthmus,  and  the  trade  on  this  road  is  of  great 


GUIANA. 


85 


profit  to  Colombia.     "What  is  the  capital  of  this 
country?    It  has  suffered  from  earthquakes. 


Partly  civilized  Indians  —  Napos. 

There  are  more  than  a  million  Indians  in 
Ecuador,  Colombia,  and  Venezuela.  Most  of 
these  are  in  Ecuador,  and  are  still  savage. 
Many  of  the  Indians  of  Venezuela  are  partly 
civilized.  What  is  the  capital  of  Colombia  ?  Is 
it  in  a  highland  or  a  lowland  region?  Where 
is  the  city  of  Panama?  Why  is  it  important? 
Find  Quito,  the  capital  and  chief  city  of  Ecua- 
dor. You  can  see  by  the  map  that  it  is  near 
the  equator,  yet  it  is  so  high  above  the  sea  level 
that  the  climate  is  as  cool  as  ours  is  in  spring. 

Quito  is  about  two  miles  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
There  are  many  snow-clad  peaks  to  be  seen  from 
the  city.  The  houses  are  built  low,  like  those  of 
Lima.  An  important  business  in  Quito  is  water- 
carrying.     Much  of  it  is  brought  a  long  distance. 


61.     GUIANA. 

Map  Studies.— What  ocean  north  of  Guiana?  How 
is  the  country  divided?  What  does  the  relief  map 
show  in  regard  to  its  surface?  Name  the  capital  of 
each  division. 

Guiana  is  divided  into  three  colonies  that  are 
owned  by  the  English,  the  French,  and  the 
Dutch.  There  are  rich  gold  mines  in  the  high- 
lands, and  much  sugar  cane  is  raised  on  the 
hot,  low  coast  lands.  Many  French  convicts 
are  sent  to  French  Guiana. 


TEST  AND  REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

51.  In  what  hemisphere  is  South  America?  In  what 
latitude?  How  do  you  know  this?  In  what  zones  does  it 
lie?  What  have  you  learned  about  the  climate?  What 
noted  cape,  strait,  and  island  at  the  southern  end?  What 
connects  South  America  with  North  America?  How  do 
they  compare  in  size?     How  do  their  coast  lines  differ? 

52.  Where  is  the  great  highland  region  of  South  America? 
What  is  it  called  ?  How  does  it  slope  on  the  west  ?  On  the 
east?  How  is  the  eastern  slope  broken?  In  what  general 
way  does  the  surface  of  South  America  resemble  that  of 
North  America?  What  is  a  volcano?  Where  are  volca- 
noes numerous  in  South  America?  What  is  an  earthquake? 
Where  does  the  most  rain  fall  in  South  America?  Why? 
What  large  rivers  does  it  feed?  What  have  you  learned 
about  the  Amazon?  Where  are  the  arid  or  dry  regions? 
Why  are  they  arid?  Locate  the  llanos.  The  silvas.  The 
pampas.     How  do  these  great  plains  differ? 

53.  What  are  the  most  important  plant  products  of 
South  America?  Name  some  of  the  wild  animals.  Domestic 
animals.  Where  are  the  latter  principally  raised?  What 
are  cattle  products?     What  are  the  chief  minerals? 

54.  What  led  to  the  conquest  of  a  large  part  of  South 
America  by  the  Spaniards?  What  portion  was  seized  by 
the  Portuguese?  From  what  countries  of  Europe  did  these 
people  come?  Who  were  the  Incas?  What  of  the  present 
tribes  of  Indians?  Of  the  Negroes?  What  are  mixed 
races?  Where  have  many  white  people  settled  of  late 
years?  What  are  such  settlers  called?  Where  do  we  find 
most  of  the  large  cities?  What  government  have  the 
South  American  countries?     What  languages  are  spoken? 

55.  Compare  Brazil  in  size  with  the  United  States. 
What  is  the  leading  product?     What  else  is  exported? 

56.  Compare  Argentina  in  size  with  the  United  States. 
What  have  you  learned  of  its  population?  What  does 
Argentina  raise  and  export  most  largely?  What  of  its 
railroads? 

57.  Why  are  Paraguay  and  Uruguay  called  La  Plata 
countries?  What  is  the  chief  product  of  Uruguay?  What 
of  its  commerce?  Its  size?  What  is  an  important  product 
of  Paraguay?     What  have  you  learned  about  this? 

58.  What  is  Chile's  most  important  mineral  product? 
How  is  it  obtained?  For  what  used?  What  have  you 
learned  of  the  progress  of  Chile? 

59.  What  does  Peru  export?  What  is  the  chief  wealth 
of  Bolivia?  How  is  its  commerce  carried  on?  Why? 
What  of  the  people  of  these  countries? 

60.  Name  the  leading  exports  of  Ecuador,  Colombia,  and 
Venezuela.  Why  is  but  little  farming  done  in  these  coun- 
tries? To  which  does  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  belong? 
Why  is  it  important?  In  what  zone  are  these  countries? 
What  would  their  climate  naturally  be?  What  have  you 
learned  of  the  climate  of  Quito?    Why  is  this? 

61.  To  what  nations  does  Guiana  belong?  Name  some 
of  its  products.     What  is  meant  by  "  convicts  "  ? 


EUROPE. 


POSITION  — EXTENT  — COAST  LINE. 


81 


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EUROPE. 


63.    SURFACE  AND  DRAINAGE. 

On  the  relief  map  of  Europe  find  the  Caucasus 
Mountains,  the  Balkan  Mountains,  the  Carpa- 
thian Mountains,  the  Alps,  and  the  Pyrenees. 
These  rise  from  the  highlands  of  southern 
Europe  and  form  a  chain,  more  or  less  broken, 
from  the  Caspian  Sea  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
This  region  is  known  as  High  Europe.  Find 
Mont  Blanc.  It  is  the  most  noted  peak  of 
Europe. 

The  three  great  southern  peninsulas  of  Eu- 
rope are  parts  of  this  highland  region.  "What 
mountain  range  or  spur  forms  the  "  backbone  " 
of  Italy?  What  peninsula  in  the  northwest  is 
a  highland  region?  Name  its  chief  mountain 
range.  What  low  range  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia? 

Notice  that  the  greater  part  of  Europe  is  a 
plain.  It  is  known  as  Low  Europe,  and  is 
shaped  somewhat  like  a  vast  basin  with  a 
broken  mountain  rim.  Trace  this  rim  on  the 
map.  Beyond  the  Ural  Mountains  this  plain 
stretches  in  an  almost  unbroken  level  across 
northern  Asia  to  the-  Pacific  Ocean. 

There  are  many  glaciers  among  the  Alps. 
What  have  you  learned  about  glaciers?  The 
glaciers  of  the  Alps  do  not  reach  the  sea  and 
break  off  in  icebergs,  as  in  Alaska  and  Green- 
land. They  move  slowly  down  the  mountain 
ravines  into  the  green  valleys  and  melt  away 
under  the  warm  sun.  Several  rivers  of  Europe 
have  their  sources  in  the  melting  glaciers  of 
the  highland  region. 

The  summits  of  the  Alps  and  the  Caucasus 
Mountains  are  so  high  as  to  be  covered  with 
snow.  Sometimes  far  up  on  the  mountain  side 
a  patch  of  snow  becomes  loosened  and  starts  to 
slide  down  the  steep  slope.  It  gathers  more 
and  more  snow,  and  its  speed  becomes  greater 
and  greater  on  its  downward  way.  Huge  rocks 
are  torn  from  their  beds,  and  large  trees  are 
broken  off  like  twigs,  until  at  last  the  whole 
mass  plunges  with  a  crash  into  the  valley  below. 


An  avalanche. 

Such  a  snowslide  is  called  an  avalanche.  Some- 
times an  entire  village  is  destroyed  by  an  ava- 
lanche. 

The  largest  river  of  Europe  is  the  Volga. 
It  is  an  important  highway  of  trade,  and  is  con- 
nected by  canal  with  the  northwestern  waters. 
Into  what  sea  does  it  flow?  The  Caspian 
Sea  has  no  outlet.  Is  the  water  of  this  sea  fresh 
or  salt?  (See  page  47.)  What  becomes  of  the 
large  amount  of  water  that  is  poured  into  the 
Caspian  Sea  by  the  Volga  and  other  rivers? 
Name  two  large  rivers  that  flow  into  the  Black 
Sea.  Which  of  them  cuts  through  mountain 
ranges  on  its  way  ? 

The  most  noted  river  of  Europe  is  the  Rhine. 
Its  source  is  among  the  glaciers  of  the  Alps, 
and  it  flows  through  some  of  the  most  beautiful 
scenery  in  the  world.  In  places  its  course  is 
between  vine-clad  hills  and  steep  rocky  heights 
on  which  are  many  old  and  famous  castles. 
(See  picture  on  page  87.) 

In  what  part  of  the  map  of  Europe  are  the 
most  lakes  shown?  Name  the  largest  two. 
There  are  many  small  clear  lakes  in  the  Alpine 
region,  which  add  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the 
scenery.  They  are  visited  by  people  from  all 
parts  of  Europe,  and  from  our  own  country. 


RESOURCES  AND  PRODUCTS. 


8» 


64.  RESOURCES  AND  PRODUCTS. 

Notice  on  the  map  of  Europe  where  the  par- 
allel marked  40°  crosses  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 
Look  at  the  map  of  our  own  country  and  you 
will  see  that  the  same  parallel  passes  some  dis- 
tance south  of  New  York  and  Chicago.  We 
know  by  this  that  these  cities  are  about  as 
far  north  of  the  equator  as  the  northern  shore 
of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  are,  therefore,  in 
the  same  belt. 

Do  oranges,  lemons,  olives,  figs,  and  almonds 
grow  well  near  New  York  and  Chicago  ?  Why  ? 
Yet  these  grow  freely  along  the  Mediterranean 
coast  of  Europe.  We  have  learned  that  there 
may  be  a  great  difference  of  climate  in  different 
parts  of  the  same  belt.  Sometimes,  as  we  have 
seen,  this  is  caused  by  difference  in  altitude, 
but  in  this  case  there  are  other  reasons. 

We  have  learned  that  warm  winds  from  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  and  from  Africa  blow  over 
southern  Europe.  More  than  this,  there  are 
high  mountain  chains  inland  which  shelter  the 
coast  lands  from  the  cold  winds  of  the  north. 
Hence  these  lands  have  plenty  of  warmth  and 
moisture,  and  for  this  reason  the  plants  of  the 
warm  belts  thrive  in  this  region. 

Did  you  ever  see  a  caterpillar  spinning  a 
cocoon  ?    Here  is  a  picture  of  silkworms  and  of 


Silkworms  and  cocoons. 


the  cocoons  which  they  make.  The  worms  feed 
on  the  leaves  of  the  mulberry  tree.  These  trees 
in  great  numbers  are  grown  in  the  south  of 
Europe,  and  much  silk  is  produced.  Find  out 
from  what  other  countries  we  get  silk. 

The  silkworm  spins  a  fine  thread  of  silk,  something- 
like that  of  a  spider's  web.  This  thread  it  winds 
around  itself,  forming  a  cocoon.  In  time  the  worm 
bursts  the  cocoon  and  comes  out  as  a  moth  with 
wings,  just  as  you  may  have  seen  a  butterfly  come 
out  of  a  cocoon  which  it  spun  when  it  was  a  cater- 
pillar. 

Find  on  the  map  of  Europe  the  parallel 
marked  50°.  South  of  this  parallel  is  the 
country  of  the  grape.  What  are  made  of 
grapes  f  The  southern  part  of  Europe,  also,  is 
the  great  wheat  belt  in  which  more  wheat  is 
raised  than  in  the  United  States. 

About  one  fourth  of  Europe  is  still  covered 
with  forests.  The  people  there  are  much  more 
careful  of  the  trees  than  we  are  in  our  countiy. 
In  the  coast  waters  are  plenty  of  fish.  The 
best  fishing  grounds  are  in  the  North  Sea.  In 
the  Mediterranean  fine  sponges  are  found,  and 
also  the  red  coral  which  is  used  in  making 
jewelry. 

Europe  has  been  so  long  settled,  that  most 
of  the  wild  animals  have  been  replaced  by  the 
usual  domestic  kinds.  What  are  they  ?  In  the 
mountain  regions  the  bear,  deer,  wolf,  and  wild 
boar  are  still  found.  In  the  far  North  the  use- 
ful reindeer  is  the  chief  wealth  of  the  Lap- 
lander. Fur-bearing  animals  are  found  in  this 
region.     What  is  the  climate ! 

The   most  important  minerals  are  coal 

and  iron.     These  are  mined  in  almost 

every  country  in  Europe.    There  are 

also  rich  mines  of  quicksilver,  salt, 

sulphur,  tin,  and  petroleum.     Gold 

and  platinum  are  found  in  the  Ural 

Mountains.     The  manufactures  and 

commerce  of  Europe  surpass  those  of 

the  United  States.     England,  Germany, 

and  France  lead  in  these  industries. 


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PEOPLE    AND    COUNTRIES. 


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EUROPE. 


American  and  English  steamers  meeting  in  mid-ocean. 


66.    HOW  WE    REACH  EUROPE. 

Europe  is  the  most  important  part  of  the 
Old  World  with  which  we  have  to  do.  Let  us 
see  how  we  can  best  reach  this  grand  division 
from  our  own  country.  We  can  go  by  steamer 
from  Portland,  or  Boston,  or  New  York,  or 
Philadelphia,  or  Baltimore.  As  most  of  our 
people  start  from  New  York  when  they  go  to 
Europe,  we  will  take  a  steamer  from  that  city. 

We  go  on  board  of  the  vessel  as  she  lies  at 
the  dock.  Our  friends  who  came  to  see  us  off 
have  said  good-by  and  have  gone  ashore.  A 
little  tugboat  comes  puffing  up,  and  pulls  the 
great  ship  out  into  the  harbor,  and  past  other 
vessels,  toward  the  sea.  Soon  the  tugboat 
leaves  us,  our  engines  are  started,  and  our 
steamer  has  fairly  begun  her  voyage  of  three 
thousand  miles. 

In  a  few  hours  we  are  out  of.  sight  of  land 
and  can  see  nothing  around  us  but  the  sea  and 
sky.  We  watch  the  sun  as  it  seems  to  sink 
slowly  into  the  water  west  of  us.  In  time  we 
are  called  to  a  meal,  and  when  that  is  over  the 
darkness  has  come,  and  we  go  to  our  stateroom 
to  pass  our  first  night  at  sea. 


Next  morning  when  we  come  on  deck  we  are 
far  out  on  the  ocean.  On  the  following  day  we 
catch  sight  of  many  small  vessels.  Their  crews 
are  fishing  for  cod  and  halibut.  We  are  told 
that  we  have  reached  the  "banks"  of  Newfound- 
land. What  have  you  learned  about  these 
banks  ?  Thus  far  we  have  been  sailing  northeast. 
Our  ship  is  now  headed  more  toward  the  east. 

Before  the  day  is  over  we  see  an  iceberg. 
What  have  you  learned  about  icebergs  ?  It  has 
broken  away  from  the  icy  shoi'es  of  Greenland, 
and  is  drifting  slowly  southward,  melting  as  it 
goes.  The  one  we  see  is  many  times  larger 
than  our  vessel.  It  looks  like  a  great  church 
with  towers  and  steeples,  and  in  the  bright  sun- 
light it  flashes  and  gleams  with  all  the  colors 
of  the  rainbow.  Many  a  fine  ship  has  been 
sunk  by  running  into  an  iceberg  in  the  dark- 
ness of  night  or  in  a  fog. 

Thus  day  by  day  for  nearly  a  week  we  sail 
eastward.  We  find  much  to  interest  and  in- 
struct us.  Sometimes  it  is  a  large  whale  float- 
ing lazily  upon  the  surface  of  the  water.  What 
do  we  get  from  whales?  We  see  clearly  on 
every  side  the  line  where  the  sea  and  sky  ap- 
pear to  meet.    What  is  this  line  called?    We 


BRITISH   ISLES. 


93 


notice  above  the  sky  line  the  topmasts  of 
distant  vessels  and  the  smoke  of  steamers 
that  are  still  farther  away,  while  their 
hulls  are  hidden  from  us  by  the  roundness 
of  the  earth. 

At  last  we  see  in  the  distance  what 
looks  like  a  bank  of  clouds  low  in  the  sky. 
We  are  told  that  this  is  land.  As  we  get 
nearer  we  see  that  it  is  beautiful  green 
country.  It  is  Ireland.  The  steamer  en- 
ters a  fine  harbor  and  drops  anchor.  We 
have  reached  Queenstown,  a  seaport  of 
Ireland.  We  are  in  Europe.  After  a 
short  stay  the  steamer  goes  on  to  Liver- 
pool, in  England,  and  here  our  voyage 
ends.  Find  on  the  map  all  the  places 
named. 

67.    BRITISH  ISLES. 

Map  Studies.—  Where  are  the  British  Isles? 
(See  map  of  Europe,  page  90.)  The  largest  is- 
land of  the  group  is  called  Great  Britain.  What 
are  its  three  divisions  ?  What  is  the  name  of 
the  other  large  island?  What  three  groups 
of  small  islands  are  north  of  Scotland  ?  What 
waters  separate  the  British  Isles  from  the  main- 
land of  Europe  ?  What  waters  separate  Eng- 
land from  Ireland?  What  name  is  given  to 
the  southwestern  point  of  England?  Men- 
tion a  cape  of  Spain  whose  name  has  the 
meaning. 


BRITISH  ISLES. 

Same  Bcale  as  Maps  of  the  States  of  the  Atlantic 

Slope,  the  "Mississippi  Yatley,  the  Plateau  States, 

and  the  States  of  the  Pacific  Slope. 

Scale  of  Milts. 

I 60 100 900 


same 


The  British  Isles  are  the  home  of  one  of  the 
greatest  nations  of  the  earth.  About  one  fifth 
of  all  the  land  on  the  globe  is  owned  by  this 
nation,  and  one  fourth  of  all  the  people  in  the 
world  are  under  its  control. 

The  British  Isles  are  known  as  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  The 
other  British  possessions  are  large  parts  of 
North  America,  Africa,  and  Asia,  a  small  part 
of  South  America,  the  whole  of  Australia,  and 
many  islands  in  both  hemispheres.  All  these 
together  form  the  vast  British  Empire. 

The  people  of  the  British  Isles,  like  those 
of  our  own   country,  choose  certain   persons 


to  make  their  laws.  The  chief  ruler,  how- 
ever, is  not  elected  like  our  President,  but 
holds  this  office  as  being  the  head  of  the  royal 
family.  After  his  or  her  death  usually  the 
oldest  son  becomes  king.  What  is  such  a  gov- 
ernment called! 

The  present  ruler  of  the  British  Empire  is  King 
Edward  VII.  He  is  called  "King  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  and  Emperor  of  India."  What  ruler 
did  he  succeed  ?     Where  is  India  ? 

England  is  the  most  important  part  of  the 
British  Isles,  and  is  the  seat  of  government  of 
the  Empire.  It  has  a  dense  population  and 
many  large  cities.  Its  rich  mines  of  coal  and 
iron  have  made  it  a  great  manufacturing  coun- 
try.    It  has  more  ships  than  any  other  nation. 


94 


EUROPE. 


and  these  carry  its  manufactures  to  all  parts  of 
the  world,  and  bring  back  the  products  of  all 
other  countries. 

England  is  one  of  the  countries  of  Europe  that 
cannot  raise  food  enough  for  all  its  people,  and  has  to 
depend,  therefore,  upon  other  sources  for  a  supply. 
What  food  products  does  England  get  from  us  ? 

The  trade  of  the  British  Empire  centers  in 
the  great  city  of  London,  the  largest  in  the 
world.  What  is  the  second  largest  city  in  the 
world?  Find  these  two  cities  on  the  map 
(pages  36  and  37),  and  tell  on  what  waters  you 
sail  from  one  to  the  other. 


is  the  capital  of  Scotland,  and  Glasgow  on  the 
Clyde  is  its  chief  city.  Many  iron  and  steel 
vessels  are  built  along  the  river. 


Windsor  Castle. 

There  are  nearly  as  many  people  in  London  as 
there  are  in  the  whole  of  New  England.  Its  streets, 
if  placed  end  to  end,  would  more  than  reach  across 
the  United  States  from  east  to  west.  It  is  a  very  old 
city,  and  is  full  of  objects  and  places  of  interest. 

Find  Liverpool.  It  is  a  great  commercial 
city,  and  its  docks,  filled  with  shipping,  extend 
for  miles  along  the  river  Mersey.  It  has  a 
large  trade  with  the  United  States.  Find 
Manchester  and  Birmingham.  They  are  large 
manufacturing  centers.  The  former  is  the 
greatest  cotton-spinning  city  in  the  world ;  the 
latter  is  noted  for  iron  and  steel  goods. 

The  mountain  regions  of  Great  Britain  are 
found  chiefly  in  Scotland  and  Wales.  The 
hills,  glens,  and  lakes  of  these  sections  are 
noted  for  their  beautiful  scenery.    Edinburgh 


Lakes  of  Killamey,  Ireland. 

Across  the  Irish  Sea  is  Ireland.  Much  of  its 
surface  is  covered  with  rich,  green  grass,  which 
has  given  it  the  name  of  the  "  Emerald  Isle." 
Many  of  the  people  of  Ireland  have  found 
homes  in  America.  Its  chief  cities  are  Dublin 
and  Belfast.  The  latter  is  the  center  of  the 
linen  trade.     From  what  is  linen  made  ? 


68.    THE   EMPIRE   OF   GERMANY. 

Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  Europe  is  the  Ger- 
man Empire  ?  Locate  it  on  the  relief  map  of  Europe, 
and  describe  its  surface.  Tell  by  its  rivers  how  most 
of  the  surface  slopes.  What  large  river  drains  the 
southern  part?  Into  what  water?  Name  the  coun- 
tries that  border  on  the  German  Empire.  What 
waters  north? 

The  Empire  of  Germany  consists  of  a  number 
of  states  united  under  one  government.  It  is 
considerably  smaller  than  the  state  of  Texas, 
yet  it  has  about  three  fourths  as  many  people 
as  the  whole  United  States.  Germany  owns 
large  tracts  of  country  in  southern  Africa. 


FRANCE. 


95 


The  most  important  division  of  Germany  is  the 
Kingdom  of  Prussia.  The  King  of  Prussia  is  also 
Emperor  of  Germany.  He  is  sometimes  called  the 
Kaiser.     Who  is  the  present  Kaiser  ? 

Germany  is  a  great  farming  country.  Much 
•wine  is  produced  by  the  vineyards,  and  it  sup- 
plies most  of  Europe  with  sugar,  made  from 
the  sugar  beet.  What  other  plants  yield  sugar  ? 
How  is  it  made  ? 

The  southern  highland  region  of  Germany  is 
covered  with  forests,  and  in  many  parts  of  the 
empire  there  are  rich  mines  of  coal,  iron,  and 
zinc,  which  help  to  make  it  a  great  manufac- 
turing country  also. 

The  Germans  are  a  saving  and  industrious 
people.  They  are  fond  of  music,  and  are  well 
educated,  as  every  child  is  obliged  by  law  to  go 
'to  school.  They  are  also  a  nation  of  soldiers. 
Every  able-bodied  young  man  is  made  to  serve 
from  one  to  three  years  in  the  army  or  navy. 


A  German  military  review. 

There  are  towns  in  Germany  where  nearly  all  the 
people  work  at  making  dolls  for  American  children. 
In  many  villages  in  the  forest  regions,  almost  every 
man,  woman,  and  child  is  busy  carving,  gluing, 
and  painting  toys.  Each  family,  as  a  rule,  makes 
but  one  kind  of  toy. 

The  Rhine  is  the  most  noted  of  the  German 
rivers.     What  have  you  learned  of  this  river? 


A  street  in  Berlin  —  "  Unter  den  Linden." 

Find  Berlin.  It  is  the  capital  and  largest 
city  of  the  German  Empire,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  cities  in  the  world.  It  is  a 
great  center  of  books  and  learning.  Find 
Hamburg.  It  is  the  chief  commercial  port  of 
Europe  outside  of  the  British  Isles.  What  city 
of  Germany  makes  a  celebrated  perfumery? 


69.    FRANCE. 

Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  Europe  is  France? 
Describe  its  surface  as  shown  on  the  relief  map  of 
Europe.  What  is  its  general  slope  ?  What  waters 
separate  it  from  England"?  What  countries  are  on 
its  eastern  border?  What  sea  and  country  south? 
What  mountain  range  ?  What  bay  west  ?  Name 
the  three  principal  rivers. 

If  we  visit  France,  we  shall  see  a  rich  and 
beautiful  country  beneath  a  sunny  sky.  The 
French  are  careful  farmers  and  raise  good 
crops.  In  the  northern  part,  wheat  and  the 
sugar  beet  are  largely  grown.  In  the  south, 
the  vine  and  the  olive  and  the  mulberry  tree 
flourish.  France  is  the  greatest  wine-produc- 
ing country  in  the  world.  Of  what  use  are  the 
olive  and  the  mulberry  tree  ? 

The  French  are  also  skillful  workmen,  and 
some  of  the  finest  goods  in  the  world  are  made 
in  their  country.  They  lead  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  cloths,  especially  silks  and  velvets. 


96 


EUROPE. 


France  has  large  possessions  in  Africa  and 
Asia.  Find  Corsica.  This  island  belongs  also 
to  France.  What  country  in  South  America  is 
a  French  colony  ?  What  have  you  learned  of 
the  government  of  France  ? 

Paris  is  generally  thought  to  be  the  most 
beautiful  city  in  the  world.  It  has  broad, 
clean,  well-paved  streets,  splendid  palaces  and 
churches,  and  gardens,  trees,  and  statues  on 
every  side.  The  people  are  gay  and  full  of 
life.  Many  persons  from  our  own  country  go 
to  Paris  to  study  music  and  art. 


A  street  in  Paris. 

Paris  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Seine,  and  is 
the  railroad  center  of  France.  It  is  the  second  city 
of  Europe  in  population.     Which  is  the  first  ? 

Find  Lyon.  Most  of  the  French  silk  goods 
are  made  here.  Find  Marseille.  It  is  the  chief 
seaport.  What  do  you  think  would  be  its  lead- 
ing exports? 

70.    RUSSIA. 

Map  Studies.—  In  what  part  of  Europe  is  Russia? 
How  does  it  compare  in  size  with  the  other  countries 
of  Europe  ?  With  the  United  States  ?  (See  table,  page 
127.)  Name  all  the  countries  that  border  on  Russia. 
All  the  bodies  of  water.  Describe  the  surface  of 
Russia  from  the  relief  map.  In  what  two  directions 
does  it  slope?  Find  the  main  watershed.  Name 
and  locate  the  largest  river.  What  mountains  and 
river  separate  Russia  from  Asia  ? 


Russia  is  a  part  of  the  great  Russian  Empire, 
which  includes  the  eastern  half  of  Europe  and 
the  northern  half  of  Asia.  Its  ruler  is  called 
the  Czar.  The  great  body  of  the  people  have 
but  little  part  in  the  government. 

Find  Odessa  and  St.  Petersburg,  and  trace  on 
the  map  a  voyage  by  sea  from  one  city  to  the 
other.  Why  has  Russia  but  a  small  coasting 
trade  ?  The  railroads  and  rivers,  however,  pro- 
vide ample  ways  for  inland  trade.  The  rivers 
are  so  joined  by  canals  that  it  is  possible  for 
vessels  to  pass  from  the  southern  waters  to 
those  of  the  north  and  east. 

The  chief  industry  of  Russia  is  farming.  In 
the  almost  treeless  plains  of  the  south  are  great 
wheatfields  and  immense  herds  of  horses,  cat- 
tle, and  sheep,  which  supply  grain  and  meat  for 
other  parts  of  Europe.  Much  rye  is  grown  for 
bread,  and  flax  for  linen  and  linseed  oil.  Gold 
is  mined  in  the  Ural  Mountains,  and  petroleum 
is  found  in  abundance  on  the  shores  of  the 
Caspian  Sea.     Where  else  is  petroleum  found? 


Russian  women  harvesting. 

North  of  the  grain  region  is  the  great  forest 
belt  of  hard  woods  and  evergreens.  Beyond 
these,  stretching  to  the  frozen  ocean,  are  the 
Arctic  plains,  the  home  of  the  reindeer  and  of 
many  animals  that  are  hunted  for  their  furs. 

The  wide  plains  of  southern  Russia  are  called 
steppes.     Here   the   summers  are  very  hot  and   the 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


97 


winters  very  cold.  Near  the  Arctic  Ocean  the  ground 
freezes  to  a  great  depth.  When  the  surface  thaws 
during  the  short  summers,  the  water  cannot  sink  into 
the  frozen  soil  beneath ;  hence  great  bogs,  or  swamps, 
are  formed,  called  tundras. 


A  palace  in  St.  Petersburg. 

St.  Petersburg,  the  capital,  is  a  splendid  city, 
and  one  of  the  largest  in  Europe.  It  is  named 
after  its  founder,  Peter  the  Great.  No  other 
large  city  in  the  world  lies 
so  far  north.  For  five 
months  of  the  year  the 
ground  on  which  the  city 
stands  is  frozen. 

Peter  the  Great  was  the  most 
famous  of  the  Russian  czars.  He 
decided  to  build  a  city  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Neva  River,  and 
although  the  ground  was  low 
and  marshy,  his  plans  were  car- 
ried out.  The  foundations  of 
the  city  rest  on  piles,  or  logs, 
driven  into  the  swampy  ground. 
St.  Petersburg  suffers  greatly 
from  floods. 

Odessa  is  the  chief  seaport 
of  southern  Russia.  What 
do  you  think  should  be  its 
chief  articles  of  export? 
Find  Moscow.  It  is  the  most  important  city  of 
central  Russia. 

Much  of  the  trade  of  Russia  is  carried  on  by  means 
of  fairs.     Find  Nijni  Novgorod.     The  largest  fair  in 


An  Austrian  salt  mine. 


the  world  is  held  here  every  summer.  People  flock 
by  thousands  from  nearly  all  the  countries  of  Europe 
and  Asia,  and  millions  of  dollars'  worth  of  goods  are 
bought  and  sold. 


71.    AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Map  Studies. — 7n  what  part  of  Europe  is  Austria- 
Hungary?  What  countries  surround  it  ?  What  sea- 
coast  has  it?  What  does  the  relief  map  show  as  to 
its  surface?  What  mountains  in  the  east?  In  the 
west  ?    Name  its  chief  river. 

The  Empire  of  Austria-Hungary  is  larger 
than  any  other  country  of  Europe  except  Russia. 
It  consists  of  Austria  and  Hungary  united  under 
one  government;  hence  the  name.  Many  of 
the  people  speak  the  German  language.  In  the 
eastern  part  are  numbers  of  the  yellow  race. 

The   treeless   plain   of  Hungary  is   one  of 

the  great  wheat-growing  countries  of  the  world. 

Of  what  others  have  you  learned!    Austria  is 

noted    for    its    salt    mines. 

Grain  and  wine  are  exported 

in  great  quantities. 

The  largest  salt  mines  in  the 
world  are  in  Austria.  Deep  in 
the  earth,  one  above  another,  are 
rooms  and  passages  hewn  into 
the  salt  rock.  There  are  under- 
ground chapels,  with  altars  and 
statues  carved  from  solid  rock 
salt. 

In  Vienna,  the  capital  of 
the  empire,  we  find  a  gay, 
music-loving  people,  who  are 
proud  of  their  beautiful  city. 
It  is  nearly  circular  in  shape, 
and  is  surrounded  by  gar- 
dens.   Budapest,  the  capital 
of  Hungary,  is  an  important 
grain  and  flour  market. 
Find    Trieste.     It   is   the   chief   seaport   of 
Austria-Hungary.     This  country  has  but  little 
foreign  commerce.    Why?     The  Danube  River 
is  an  important  highway  of  trade  with  Germany. 


98 


EUROPE. 


72.  ITALY. 

Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  Europe  is  Italy? 
What  natural  division  of  land  does  it  form?  What 
waters  nearly  surround  it?  What  countries  border 
on  the  northern  part?  What  do  you  learn  of  its 
surface  from  the  relief  map?  What  mountains  in 
the  north?  Name  the  chief  river.  Find  Sicily  and 
Sardinia.  These  islands  form  part  of  the  Kingdom 
of  Italy. 

The  Kingdom  of  Italy  is,  for  the  most  part,  a 
pleasant,  sunny  land  like  France — a  land  of 
fruits  and  flowers,  of  music,  painting,  and 
sculpture.  Many  of  the  people  come  to  the 
United  States  to  better  their  fortunes. 

Italy  is  one  of  the  greatest  wine  and  silk 
producing  countries  in  the  world.  From  what 
is  wine  made?  How  is  silk  produced? 
Oranges,  lemons,  olives,  and  other  fruits  of 
the  warm  belts,  are  raised  in  abundance.  Much 
wheat  is  grown  in  the  valley  of  the  Po. 


Borne  —  St.  Peter's  church  in  the  distance. 

There  are  many  famous  old  cities  in  Italy. 
Find  Rome.  Nearly  two  thousand  years  ago 
this  city  was  the  center  of  the  great  Roman 
Empire,  that  ruled  over  most  of  the  known 
world.  It  is  full  of  ancient  ruins  that  show  its 
former  glory  and  wealth.  Rome  is  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Pope,  the  head  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  Here,  too,  is  St.  Peter's 
Church— the  largest  in  the  world. 


Fruit  sellers,  Naples. 

Naples  is  the  largest  city.  It  is  the  chief 
commercial  city  of  Italy  and  has  an  impor- 
tant trade  in  macaroni.  What  is  macaroni? 
Near  Naples  is  Mount  Vesuvius,  a  noted  vol- 
cano. Find  Venice.  This  was  once  the  great- 
est commercial  city  of  Europe.  Find  Genoa. 
It  is  famed  as  the  birthplace  of  Columbus. 

Mount  Vesuvius  is  a  grand  sight  when  in  eruption. 
What  is  an  eruption  ?  Many  people  visit  the  summit 
of  this  volcano  when  it  is  safe  to  do  so.  Ask  your 
teacher  to  tell  you  about  the  eruption  that  buried 
Pompeii.  Read  also  about  Venice,  whene  the  streets- 
are  mostly  canals,  and  where  the  people  go  about  in 
boats  called  gondolas. 


A  scenein  Venice. 


SWITZERLAND,   SPAIN,   AND   PORTUGAL.  99 

74.    SPAIN  AND  PORTUGAL. 

Map  Studies. — In  what  part  of  Europe  are  the  king- 
doms of  Spain  and  Portugal  ?  What  natural  division 
of  land  do  they  form?  What  waters  surround  this 
peninsula?  What  mountains  separate  France  from 
Spain  ?  Name  three  rivers  that  flow  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.     Compare  Portugal  in  size  with  Maine. 

You  will  remember  that  Spain  furnished 
Columbus  with  ships  to  sail  to  America,  and 
afterwards  seized  upon  a  great  part  of  the 
New  World  that  he  discovered.  At  that  time 
Spain  a,nd  Portugal  were  powerful  nations,  but 
they  are  now  of  less  importance  than  most  of 
the  other  countries  of  Europe.  The  people  are 
proud,  indolent,  and  fond  of  dress.  Bull-fight- 
ing is  a  favorite  sport  with  all  classes. 


An  Alpine  scene  —  the  Matterhorn. 

73.    SWITZERLAND. 

Map  Studies. — In  what  part  of  Europe  is  Switzer- 
land? What  countries  surround  it?  What  is  the 
nature  of  the  surface?  What  mountains  between 
Switzerland  and  Italy  ?  The  longest  railroad  tunnel 
in  the  world  runs  under  these  mountains.  What  two 
rivers  rise  in  Switzerland  ? 

The  Republic  of  Switzerland  lies  in  the  heart 
of  the  Alps.  The  scenery  is  so  beautiful  that 
thousands  of  people  from  other  countries  spend 
their  holidays  among  its  mountains,  lakes,  and 
glaciers. 

The  people  are  called  Swiss.  They  are  a 
busy,  independent  race.  Their  country  is 
better  for  pasturage  than  for  farming,  and 
they  make  famous  cheese.  Many  of  the  toys 
sold  in  our  country  are  carved  by  the  Swiss.  § 

Have  you  ever  seen  St.  Bernard  dogs  ?  High  among 
the  Alps,  where  the  snow  lies  deep  all  the  year,  is  a 
building  in  which  the  monks  of  St.  Bernard  live. 
They  keep  these  faithful  dogs  to  help  travelers  who 
are  lost  in  the  snow. 

Find  Geneva.  Many  fine  watches  and  clocks 
are  made  here.  Find  Bern,  the  capital  of 
Switzerland. 

If  we  visit  Bern  we  shall  see  the  figure  of  a  bear 
on  the  coins,  signposts,  fountains,  and  public  build- 
ings.    The  word  Bern  means  "bear." 


A  Spanish  bull-fight. 

Most  of  the  peninsula  is  a  high  table-land 
from  which  rise  a  number  of  mountain  ranges. 
Only  a  small  part  is  fit  for  fanning,  and  not 
enough  grain  is  grown  to  feed  the  people. 
Fruit  is  abundant,  and  great  quantities  of 
wine,  raisins,  and  olive  oil  are  exported.  Spain 
is  rich  in  minerals,  and  has  some  of  the  most 
productive  mines  of  quicksilver  in  the  world. 


100 


EUROPE. 


Have  you  ever  seen  a  merino  sheep?  For 
what  is  it  noted?  This  animal  is  a  native  of 
Spain,  and  millions  of  merinos  graze  over  its 
slopes  and  uplands.  Wool,  therefore,  is  an 
important  product.  Another  important  prod- 
uct of  Spain  is  cork.     For  what  is  it  used? 


Stripping  cork  from  the  trees. 

Cork  is  the  bark  of  a  species  of  oak  tree.  When 
the  tree  is  from  three  to  five  years  old  the  bark 
becomes  light  and  spongy,  and  is  thrown  off  in 
flakes.  A  year  or  two  before  the  bark  would  natu- 
rally fall  off,  it  is  stripped  from  the  tree  for  market. 

Madrid,  the  capital  of  Spain,  is  a  walled  city. 
It  is  built  on  a  barren  table-land,  but  has  con- 
siderable commerce.  The  climate  of  this  sec- 
tion is  very  hot  in  summer  and  cold  in  winter. 

Find  Barcelona.  It  is  the  chief  seaport.  Lis- 
bon, the  capital  of  Portugal,  has  a  fine  harbor. 

Find  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar.  On  this  part  of  the 
Spanish  coast  is  a  promontory  called  the  Rock  of 
Gibraltar.  It  is  held  by  Great  Britain,  and  is  the 
strongest  fortress  in  the  world. 


75.    THE  NETHERLANDS  AND  BELGIUM. 

Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  Europe  are  the 
Netherlands  and  Belgium?  What  do  you  learn  of 
their  surface  from- the  relief  map?  What  countries 
border  the  Netherlands?  Belgium?  What  sea 
washes  their  coasts?  What  river  flows  across  the 
Netherlands  ?    Where  is  its  source  1 


The  word  "Netherlands"  means  "lowlands." 
The  Kingdom  of  the  Netherlands  is  also  called 
Holland.  Most  of  the  country  lies  in  the  delta 
of  the  Rhine  River.  What  is  a  delta?  Much 
of  the  surface  is  below  the  level  of  the  sea,  and 
the  water  is  kept  back  by  great  embankments, 
called  dikes.  What  kind  of  soil  would  you 
expect  to  find  in  the  Netherlands  1 

In  this  country  there  is  a  perfect  network  of 
canals.  Most  of  the  goods  are  carried  in  sum- 
mer by  boats,  and  thousands  of  people  have  no 
other  homes.  When  these  canals  are  frozen 
over  they  become  convenient  highways  for 
travel,  and  men,  women,  and  children  skate 
from  place  to  place  over  their  smooth  surface. 


A  Holland  canal. 

Huge  windmills  have  been  built  to  pump  the  water 
%om  the  land  into  the  canals.  These  mills  are  of 
many  sizes  and  shapes,  and  the  whole  country  seems 
alive  with  them.  They  are  made  also  to  grind  corn,1 
saw  wood,  and  do  many  other  kinds  of  work. 

The  people  of  the  Netherlands  are  called 
Dutch.  They  are  good  farmers,  and  are  noted 
for  their  dairy  products.  They  have  had  to 
work  hard  to  keep  the  sea  back  from  the  land, 
and  this  constant  struggle  has  helped  to  make 
them  a  patient,  industrious,  and  courageous 
nation.  Many  rich  islands  in  the  East  and  the 
West  Indies  are  owned  by  the  Dutch.    From 


THE  NORSE  COUNTRIES 


these  they  get  coffee  and  spices,  in  which  they 
have  a  large  ti'ade.  The  fisheries  of  Holland 
are  very  productive. 

The  Dutch  are  noted  also  for  their  cleanliness. 
Let  us  pass  through  Rotterdam,  which  is  one  of  their 
cities,  early  in  the  morning.  It  is  house-cleaning 
day,  and  the  maidservants,  in  cotton  gowns,  white 
caps,  and  white  aprons,  are  washing  doorsj  walls, 
windows,  and  pavements.  Water  is  dripping  and 
sparkling  everywhere.  We  may  well  say  the  city  is 
taking  a  bath. 

Amsterdam  is  the  largest  city  in  the  Nether- 
lands. It  is  an  important  seaport,  and  has  an 
extensive  commerce.  There  are  canals  in  many 
of  the  streets. 

The  Kingdom  of  Belgium  is  a  little  larger 
than  the  state  of  Maryland,  and  is  the  most 
thickly  settled  country  of  Europe.  The  soil  is 
fertile,  and  farming  is  the  chief  occupation. 
There  are,  however,  so  many  people  that  much 
of  their  food  must  be  imported. 


A  Belgian  milk  cart. 

Belgium  is  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  iron 
and  steel,  carpets,  and  laces.  Most  of  the  people 
speak  the  French  language.  Find  Brussels. 
You  have  heard  of  Brussels  carpets  and  Brus- 
sels lace.  Some  of  the  latter  is  worth  two  or 
three  hundred  dollars  a  yard.  Find  Antwerp. 
It  is  one  of  the  great  seaports  of  Europe. 


An  ancient  Norse  vessel. 

76.    THE   NORSE   COUNTRIES. 

Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  Europe  are  Norway, 
Sweden,  and  Denmark?  What  natural  division  of 
land  is  Denmark?  Norway  and  Sweden  together? 
What  waters  border  Norway?     Sweden?     Denmark? 

Norway,  Sweden,  and  Denmark  are  some- 
times called  the  "Norse  countries"  because  in 
early  times  the  people  were  known  as  Norsemen. 
They  were  hardy  sailors,  and  are  believed  to 
have  visited  Greenland  and  Iceland  long  before 
Columbus  made  his  celebrated  voyage. 

The  coast  of  Norway  is  much  broken.  Long 
arms  of  the  sea  extend  into  the  land,  and  along 
the  shores  there  are  many  islands.  Find  Lap- 
land.    What  have  you  read  about  the  Lapps? 

The  fisheries,  forests,  and  mines  of  iron  and 
copper  form  the  chief  wealth  of  Norway  and 
Sweden.  These  two  countries  are  under  one 
king.  Denmark  is  a  separate  kingdom.  Much 
of  it  is  a  good  farming  country,  and  cattle  and 
dairy  products  are  exported.  What  islands 
near  North  America  are  owned  by  Denmark  ? 

In  speaking  generally  of  the  people  of  these  coun- 
tries, we  call  them  Scandinavians.  Many  of  them 
have  settled  in  the  United  States. 

•     Find  Copenhagen  and  Stockholm.    These  are 
the  principal  cities  of  the  Norse  countries. 


102 


EUEOPE. 


Turkish  melon  seller. 


77. 


THE   STATES   OF   THE    BALKAN 
PENINSULA. 


Map  Studies.— Find  the  Balkan  Peninsula  on  the 
relief  map  of  Europe.  What  of  its  surface?  The 
word  Balkan  means  "  mountains."  The  six  countries 
that  occupy  this  portion  of  Europe  are  Turkey, 
Roumania,  Bulgaria,  Servia,  Montenegro,  and  Greece. 
Find  each.  Name  the  five  seas  that  border  this  pen- 
insula. The  two  straits.  What  empires  north? 
What  large  river  flows  through  this  section  ? 

The  countries  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula  were 
once  part  of  Turkey.  Greece,  Roumania,  Ser- 
via, and  Montenegro  are  now  independent. 
Bulgaria  has  its  own  ruler,  but  pays  a  tribute, 
or  sum  of  money,  eveiy  year  to  Turkey. 

Turkey  in  Europe  is  a  part  of  the  once  great 
Turkish  Empire.  Other  parts  of  this  empire 
are  in  Asia  and  Africa.  The  ruler  is  called  the 
Sultan. 

The  people  of  Turkey  are  very  much  mixed. 
The  greater  part  of  them  belong  to  the  yellow 
race.  They  farm  in  a  rude  way,  and  raise 
cattle.  We  get  from  Turkey  fine  leather,  car- 
pets, and  rugs,  but  the  manufactures  and  com- 
merce are  not  important. 

There  are  many  rose  farms  in  Turkey.  These 
flowers  yield  a  costly  perfume,  called  attar  of  roses, 
which  is  worth  more  than  its  weight  in  gold. 


Orain  and  cattle  are  raised  in  Roumania  and 
Bulgaria.  Servia  and  Montenegro  are  largely 
covered  with  forests  of  oak  and  walnut,  in 
which  vast  droves  of  hogs  are  fattened.  What 
food  do  they  find  in  the  forest  ?  Find  the  cap- 
ital of  each  of  these  countries. 

Constantinople,  the  capital  of  the  Turkish 
Empire,  is  a  large  city.  It  has  a  splendid 
harbor,  called  the  Golden  Horn,  and  contains 
many  fine  buildings.  The  streets,  however, 
are  narrow,  unpaved,  and  filthy,  and  swarm 
with  dogs. 

The  Kingdom  of  Greece  has,  for  its  size,  a 
longer  coast  line  than  any  other  country  in 
Europe.  The  surface  is  rugged  and  there  are 
many  small  valleys.  The  Greeks  are  skillful 
sailors,  and  carry  on  most  of  the  commerce  of 
the  Mediterranean  and  Black  seas.  Sponge 
fishing  is  an  important  industry. 

Have  you  ever  bought  "dried  currants"  of  your 
grocer?  There  are  thousands  of  acres  in  Greece 
covered  with  vines  which  bear  small  grapes.  These, 
when  dried,  are  called  currants.     What  are  raisins? 


Athens. 
i 

Greece  was  the  home  of  art  and  learning  in 
Europe  before  Rome  was  built.  Under  Turk- 
ish rule  it  lost  its  ancient  glory.  Find  Athens, 
the  capital.  In  this  city  are  many  ruins  which 
tell  of  its  former  greatness. 


TEST   AND   REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 


103 


TEST  AND  REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

62.  In  what  hemisphere  is  Europe?  In  what  latitude? 
In  what  zones  does  it  lie  ?  Why  is  the  climate  of  the  south- 
ern part  warmer  than  that  of  the  United  States  in  the  same 
belt  i  What  kind  of  a  coast  line  has  Europe  ?  Is  it  favor- 
able to  commerce?  Why?  Name  the  principal  peninsulas. 
What  are  the  principal  islands  and  groups  near  the  coast  of 
Europe? 

63.  Where  is  the  main  highland  region  of  Europe  ?  What 
ranges  form  this  highland  ?  What  does  the  remainder  of 
Europe  resemble?  Name  the  most  noted  peak  of  Europe. 
What  is  an  avalanche?  How  does  it  differ  from  a  glacier? 
What  are  the  principal  rivers  of  Europe?  Which  river  is 
noted  for  its  fine  scenery  ? 

64.  Name  the  most  important  plants  and  plant  products 
of  Europe.  The  animals.  Where  are  the  best  fisheries? 
What  other  sea  products  are  found?  Chief  minerals? 
Compare  the  manufactures  and  commerce  of  Europe  with 
those  of  the  United  States.  Name  the  countries  that  lead  in 
these  industries. 

65.  How  does  the  population  of  Europe  compare  as  to 
numbers  with  that  of  the  United  States?  Why  are  many 
countries  of  Europe  compelled  to  buy  food  and  other  prod- 
ucts from  the  United  States?  What  are  the  principal 
things  that  we  sell  them?  To  what  race  do  most  of  the 
Europeans  belong?  What  other  race  is  there?  How  do 
the  people  compare  in  civilization  with  those  of  other  con- 
tinents ?  What  is  the  difference  between  emigrants  and  im- 
migrants? What  languages  are  chiefly  spoken  in  North 
America?  Name  all  the  languages  you  can  that  are  spoken 
in  Europe.  What  kind  of  government  have  nearly  all  the 
countries  of  Europe?  Name  the  "Great  Powers"  of  Eu- 
rope.    The  principal  republics. 

66.  Read  Lesson  66  carefully  and  then  write  a  story  of  an 
imaginary  voyage  to  Europe,  giving  the  name  of  the  steamer, 
the  port  from  which  it  sailed,  date  of  sailing,  etc.,  together 
with  any  other  incidents  that  might  have  occurred  on  the 
voyage. 

67.  What  is  the  seat  of  government  of  the  great  British 
Empire?  Where  are  its  main  possessions?  What  portion 
of  the  world  and  its  people  is  under  the  control  of  this 
empire?  What  part  of  the  empire  do  the  British  Isles  form? 
What  form  of  government  have  they?  Which  is  the  great- 
est city  in  the  world?  Name  other  important  cities  of  the 
British  Isles.  Give  some  account  of  Ireland.  What  are 
the  people  of  England  called?  Of  Ireland?  Of  Scotland? 
Of  Wales? 

68.  Of  what  does  the  Empire  of  Germany  consist?  Com- 
pare it  in  size  and  population  with  our  own  country.  What 
foreign  possessions  has  Germany?  What  is  the  chief  ruler 
called?  What  is  the  character  of  the  people?  What  are 
their  leading  occupations?  Products?  Why  is  Germany  a 
great  military  nation?  What  is  said  of  Berlin?  Name 
some  other  important  cities  of  Germany.  What  are  the 
people  of  Germany  called? 


69.  What  form  of  government  has  France?  What  are 
its  principal  productions?  In  what  does  it  lead?  What 
foreign  possessions  has  France?  Describe  Paris.  What 
are  the  people  of  France  called? 

70.  Compare  Russia  in  size  with  the  rest  of  Europe.  With 
the  United  States.  What  have  you  learned  of  its  surface? 
Its  climate?  What  is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people? 
Where  is  the  remainder  of  the  Russian  Empire?  Why  is 
the  domestic  commerce  of  Russia  greater  than  its  foreign 
commerce?  Name  the  leading  products.  Describe  the 
capital  and  tell  how  and  by  whom  it  was  budt.  What  are 
the  people  of  Russia  called  ? 

71.  In  what  part  of  Europe  is  Austria-Hungary  ?  Of  what 
does  it  consist?  Where  is  the  wheat-growing  section? 
Name  the  other  leading  products.  Why  has  Austria-Hun- 
gary but  little  foreign  commerce?  What  are  the  people  of 
Austria  called?     Of  Hungary? 

72.  What  natural  division  is  Italy?  What  does  it  some- 
what resemble  in  shape?  What  have  you  learned  of  its 
climate?  Name  its  leading  products.  Why  can  the  fruits 
of  the  warm  belt  be  raised  in  abundance  in  Italy,  and  not  in 
the  same  belt  in  the  United  States?  What  famous  ancient 
city  is  in  Italy?  What  have  you  learned  about  this  city? 
What  and  where  is  Mount  Vesuvius  ?  What  are  the  people 
of  Italy  called? 

73.  How  is  Switzerland  situated?  What  is  said  of  its 
scenery?  What  is  its  form  of  government?  Why  is  it  not 
a  good  farming  country?  What  is  the  character  of  the  peo- 
ple? What  is  made  in  Switzerland?  What  are  the  people 
of  Switzerland  called? 

74.  What  was  the  former  standing  of  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal? From  which  of  these  countries  did  Columbus  sail  for 
America?  *What  possessions  did  Spain  acquire  in  America? 
Portugal?  What  have  they  now?  What  are  the  leading 
products  of  Spain?  What  are  the  people  of  Spain  called? 
Of  Portugal? 

75.  What  have  you  learned  of  the  surface  of  Holland? 
Of  its  canals?  What  natural  difficulties  do  its  people  have 
to  overcome?  What  foreign  possessions  has  Holland? 
What  trade  do  these  possessions  bring?  For  what  are  the 
people  noted?  What  are  the  people  of  Holland  called? 
What  are  the  leading  products  of  Belgium?  What  are  the 
people  of  Belgium  called? 

76.  Name  the  Norse  countries.  Why  are  they  so  called? 
Which  two  are  ruled  by  one  king?  How  does  the  coast  of 
Norway  differ  from  that  of  Denmark?  What  is  the  chief 
wealth  of  Norway  and  Sweden?  What  does  Denmark  pro- 
duce ?  What  are  the  people  of  Norway  called  ?  Of  Sweden? 
Of  Denmark? 

77.  Name  the  states  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula.  Which  is 
the  most  important?  Where  are  the  other  portions  of  the 
Turkish  Empire?  What  have  you  learned  of  the  people  of 
Turkey  ?  Of  their  farming?  Of  their  commerce  and  manu- 
factures? What  do  we  get  from  Turkey?  What  are  the 
people  called?  What  have  you  learned  of  Greece?  What 
are  its  people  called? 


POSITION— EXTENT— COAST   LINE. 


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RESOURCES  AND  PRODUCTS. 


107 


Pilgrims  bathing  in  the  Ganges  River. 

The  Ganges  River  is  subject  to  great  floods  every 
year.  Its  waters  reach  the  sea  through  a  network 
of  channels  that  form  the  largest  delta  in  the  world. 
The  river  is  considered  sacred  by  the  natives,  and 
some  parts  of  it  are  visited  by  thousands  of  people 
who  think  that  by  bathing  in  its  waters  their  sins 
will  be  washed  away. 

East  of  Tibet  is  the  plain  of  China,  which 
we  may  call  the  "  Yellow  Land,"  as  it  is  the  home 
of  the  yellow  people  and  much  of  its  soil  is 
yellow.  The  Hoang  Ho  {Ho  means  "river") 
carries  so  much  of  this  soil  that  it  is  called 
the  Yellow  River.  It  is  sometimes  also  called 
"  China's  Sorrow,"  because  of  the  great  losses  of 
life  and  property  caused  by  its  floods.  What 
other  large  river  crosses  the  plain  of  China? 

North  of  the  highlands  of  Asia  is  the  plain 
of  Siberia,  which  extends  also  across  Europe, 
forming  the  largest  plain  in  the  world.  What 
three  large  rivers  cross  this  plain?  Near  the 
Arctic  Ocean  it  consists  of  desolate  frozen  bogs, 
or  tundras.  South  of  these  are  great  forest  belts 
and  vast  grassy  plains,  or  steppes.  Southwest- 
ern Asia  is  a  plateau  region,  much  of  which  is 
desert. 

There  are  but  few  lakes  in  Asia.  The 
largest  body  of  fresh  water  is  Lake  Baikal, 
which  is  nearly  twice  the  size  of  Lake  Ontario. 
Two  of  the  very  large  salt  lakes,  Aral  and 
Caspian,  are  called  seas.  Lake  Balkash  also 
is  a  large  body  of  salt  water. 


80.  RESOURCES  AND  PRODUCTS. 

The  peninsulas  of  southern  Asia  are  in  the 
hot  belt,  and  the  low  plains  of  this  region  have 
a  rank  growth  of  trees,  vines,  and  other  plants. 
In  many  places  these  form  dense  thickets,  called 
jungles. 

Valuable  timber  trees,  palms,  bamboos,  and 
plants  that  furnish  dyewoods  and  spices, 
abound,  and  cotton,  rice,  sugar  cane,  coffee, 
and  tea  are  raised.  Many  of  the  people  of 
this  hot  region  live  almost  entirely  upon  rice. 

In  this  belt  are  found  most  of  the  large  and 
dangerous  wild  animals  of  Asia.  It  is  the 
home  of  the  elephant,  rhinoceros,  lion,  tiger, 
buffalo,  leopard,  hyena,  and  wild  boar.  Troops 
of  monkeys,  birds  of  gay  plumage,  and  poison- 
ous snakes  live  in  the  forests  and  jungles,  and 
crocodiles  infest  the  streams. 

A  dry  highland  region  lies  north  of  the 
hot  belt,  and  beyond  this  are  forests  of  pine 
and  fir.  The  bear  and  wolf  are  found  in  the 
forest  region,  and  farther  north  are  the  rein- 
deer and  many  small  fur-bearing  animals.  On 
the  grassy  steppes  of  Central  Asia  are  raised 
great  numbers  of  camels,  sheep,  and  goats. 

The  south  of  Asia  has  long  been  noted  for 
its  precious  stones.  Coal  and  other  minerals 
and  metals  are  widely  distributed,  but  are  not 
fully  worked.  The  commerce  of  Asia  is  only 
about  one  fourth  as  large  as  that  of  Europe. 


Map  Studies.— What  country  of  Asia  borders  on 
the  Arctic  Ocean?  What  countries  border  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean  ?  On  the  Indian  Ocean  ?  On  Europe  t 
Name  a  country  not  reached  by  the  ocean  or  one  of 
its  arms.  What  United  States  possessions  are  near 
the  southeastern  coast  ?  What  is  the  nearest  Asiatic 
seaport  to  Manila  ? 

What  part  of  Asia  is  crossed  by  the  Tropic  of 
Cancer?  In  what  zone  are  the  countries  south  of 
the  tropic?  What  part  is  crossed  by  the  Arctic 
Circle  ?  What  zone  is  north  of  this  circle  ?  In  what 
zone  are  the  countries  between  the  Tropic  of  Cancer 
and  the  Arctic  Circle?  In  what  latitude  is  Asia? 
How  do  you  know  ? 


108 


ASIA. 


81.    PEOPLE  AND  COUNTRIES. 

More  than  half  of  all  the  people  on  the  globe 
live  in  Asia.  The  larger  part  of  these  belong 
to  the  yellow  race.  The  white  population  is 
found  principally  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
grand  division,  and  the  Malay  or  brown  race 
inhabits  the  islands  southeast,  and  a  small  part 
of  the  adjacent  mainland. 

The  greater  part  of  the  people  of  India  and  of 
southwestern  Asia,  although  darker  in  color  than 
those  of  Europe,  belong  to  the  white  or  Caucasian 
race.     There  are  many  millions  of  them. 

None  of  the  nations  of  Asia  are  as  highly 
civilized  as  those  of  Europe  or  of  our  own 
country,  although  some  of  them  have  made 
great  progress  in  the  last  few  years.  In  most 
parts  of  Asia  the  common  people  are  very  poor, 

and  the  women 
are  but  little  bet- 
ter than  slaves. 

Various  forms 
of  religious  belief 
exist  among  the 
people  of  Asia.  In 
the  southwestern 
section  there  are 
many  Mohammed- 
ans, who  believe  in 
God,  but  follow  the 
teachings  of  their 
prophet,  Moham- 
med. In  southern 
Asia  are  many  mil- 
lions who   believe 

in  Brahmanism,  so  called  from  its  chief  god,  Brahma. 

In  central  and  eastern  Asia  we  find  the  followers  of 

Buddha,  who  number  about  one  third  of  the  human 

race.    What  is  their  belief  called  f 

The  most  important  countries  of  Asia  are 
India,  China,  and  Japan.  While  the  great 
bulk  of  the  people  live  in  these  countries, 
more  than  one  third  of  all  the  land  of  Asia 
belongs  to  the  Empire  of  Eussia.  What  is 
the  capital  of  the  Russian  Empire? 


A  statue  of  Buddha. 


82.    INDIA. 

Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  Asia  is  India? 
What  natural  division  of  land  is  it?  Name  its 
principal  divisions.  What  waters  border  on  India? 
What  mountain  range  north?  What  empire  be- 
yond? What  countries  east  of  India?  West?  By 
what  rivers  is  India  drained?  What  cape  at  the 
southern  extremity?    What  large  island? 

India  is  about  half  as  large  as  the  United 
States,  but  contains  four  times  as  many 
people.  It  forms  a  part  of  the  great  British 
Empire,  and  many  English  people  live  in  India. 
Where  is  the  seat  of  government  of  the  British 
Empire?  Who  is  its  present  ruler?  Name 
some  other  countries  owned  by  Great  Britain. 

The  greater  part  of  the  natives  are  Hindus. 
What  have  you  learned  of  their  race  and 
color?  They  are  a  half-civilized  people, 
and  are  divided  into  classes,  or  castes.  The 
highest  caste  is  that  of  the  Brahmans,  who 
are  the  best  educated.  Next  come  the  sol- 
diers, then  the  farmers,  then  the  laborers.  If 
the  members  of  any  class  eat  or  trade  with 
those  of  a  lower  class,  they  are  despised  by  their 
own  people  and  become  outcasts. 


Hindu  child  seized  by  a  tiger. 

The  Hindu  children  in  country  places  run  about 
unclothed.  They  play  in  the  mud  and  water,  and 
drive  the  humped  cows  to  pasture.  Sometimes  a 
tiger  from  the  jungle  or  a  crocodile  from  the  stream 
carries  off  a  child  in  its  mouth. 


SOUTHEASTERN  ASIA. 


109 


The  Hindus  have  strange  manners  and  customs. 
The  men  wear  long  robes  and  gay  turbans.  A 
turban  is  a  cloth  wound  many  times  around  the 
head.  The  women  are  fond  of  jewelry.  They  sel- 
dom leave  their  homes,  and  when  they  do  they  wear 
veils  over  their  faces. 

Fai'ming  is  the  chief  employment  of  the  peo- 
ple of  India,  and  much  grain,  cotton,  and  opium 
are  produced.  Some  of  the  cotton  is  spun  and 
woven  into  cloth  of  exceeding  fineness,  and 
many  other  beautiful  articles  of  silk,  gold,  and 
ivory  are  made  by  hand.  The  manufactures, 
however,  are  not  very  important.  Nearly  half 
of  the  commerce  of  Asia  centers  in  India. 

Opium  is  a  drug  made  from  the  juice  of  the  poppy. 
It  is  much  used  in  medicine,  and  a  great  deal  is 
smoked  in  pipes  by  the  Chinese  and  other  Eastern 
nations.  What  is  the  effect  of  the  use  of  opium  ? 
"What  is  made  from  this  drug  ? 

Throughout  India  one  sees  splendid  palaces, 
temples,  and  tombs,  adorned  with  gold,  silver, 
and  jewels;  yet  amid  this  wealth  the  lower 
■classes  live  iu  rude  hovels,  and  have  but  little 
to  eat.  There  are  so  many  millions  of  them  to 
feed  that  when  the  crops  fail  from  want  of 

rain  the  people  suffer 
terribly  from  famine 
and  disease. 

Many  thousands,  too, 
are  killed  each  year  by 
wild  beasts  and  poison- 
ous snakes.  Among  the 
latter  the  most  deadly  is 
the  cobra.  It  is  said  that 
20,000  people  die  each 
year  from  its  fatal  bite. 

Calcutta  is  the  capi- 
tal and  great  commer- 
cial port  of  India.  It  is  the  most  important 
commercial  city  of  Asia.  Find  Madras  and 
Bombay.  These  are  large  cities  and  important 
seaports.  Find  the  island  of  Ceylon.  Much 
tea  is  exported  from  here.  This  island  is  a  lit- 
tle larger  than  the  state  of  West  Virginia. 


83.    SOUTHEASTERN  ASIA. 

Map  Studies.— What  two  countries  southeast  of 
India?  What  peninsula?  A  part  of  this  peninsula 
belongs  to  the  British  Empire.  What  large  river 
drains  this  section?  What  separates  the  Malay 
Peninsula  from  the  island  of  Sumatra  ?  What  gulf 
south  of  Siam?  What  sea  between  French  Indo- 
China  and  the  Philippine  Islands  ? 

The  country  southeast  of  British  India  has 
about  the  same  climate  and  products  as  that 
section.  In  the  south  are  many  Malays,  but 
most  of  the  people  belong  to  the  yellow  race. 

From  this  part  of  Asia  we  get  spices,  rice, 
sugar,  raw  silk,  lumber,  and  tin.  The  most 
valuable  wood  is  teak,  which  is  much  used  in 
shipbuilding.  The  commerce  is  next  in  im- 
portance to  that  of  India. 


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A  Malay  village. 

Siam  is  an  independent  kingdom.  It  is 
sometimes  called  the  "Land  of  the  White 
Elephant,"  because  that  animal  is  there  con- 
sidered sacred.    Find  the  capital. 

Fkench  Indo-China  is  made  up  of  a  number 
of  native  states.  Some  of  them  have  native 
rulers,  but  all  are  under  French  control.  Most 
of  the  trade  is  with  France. 

Find  Singapore.  It  is  in  the  British  part  of 
the  Malay  Peninsula,  and  is  a  great  market  for 
the  spices,  tin,  and  other  products  collected  from 
the  neighboring  regions. 


110 


ASIA. 


84.    CHINESE   EMPIRE. 

Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  Asia  is  the  Chinese 
Empire?  "What  does  the  map  show  as  to  its  sur- 
face ?  What  country  north  ?  What  seas  east  ?  What 
countries  south?  In  what  part  of  the  empire  is 
China?  What  large  rivers  drain  this  country? 
Where  is  the  source  of  these  rivers?  What  other 
large  rivers,  flow  from  the  same  plateau?  What 
desert  in  the  north  ? 

The  Chinese  Empire  is  the  home  of  the  yel- 
low race.  It  is  not  much  larger  than  the 
United  States,  but  has  nearly  five  times  as 
many  people.  A  large  part  of  the  empire  lies 
in  the  plateau  and  desert  region  of  central 
Asia. 

The  Chinese  are  one  of  the  oldest  nations  of 
the  world.  The  interior  of  their  country  is 
not  well  known,  as  they  dislike  to  have  stran- 
gers travel  through  their  land.  For  many 
years  they  would  not  even  trade  with  foreign 
nations,  but  now  most  of  their  coast  towns 
are  open  to  people  of  other  countries. 


A  part  of  the  Great  Wall  of  China. 

The  Chinese  knew  how  to  print  books  and  make 
gunpowder  before  the  white  people  had  found  out 
these  things,  yet  they  are  to-day  very  little  in  advance 
of  what  they  were  a  thousand  years  ago.  Ask  your 
teacher  about  the  "  Great  Wall." 

What  have  you  learned  about  the  rich  plains 
of  China!    In  this   part  of  the   empire  live 


nearly  one  fourth  of  all  the  people  in  the 
world.  Most  of  them  are  farmers,  and  the 
smallest  patch  of  soil  is  made  to  grow  some- 
thing that  will  help  feed  these  millions.  They 
do  not  raise  many  cattle,  but  have  great  num- 
bers of  fowls  and  pigs.  Fish  and  rice  are  much 
used  for  food. 

We  know  China  best  from  its  tea,  its  silk, 
its  fine  carved  work,  and  its  china  ware.  Tea 
is  raised  on  the  upland  slopes,  and  is  one  of 
the  principal  exports.  Much  of  it  is  sent  over- 
land to  Europe  by  caravan.  What  is  a  cara- 
van! What  nation  of  Europe  is  nearest  Asia! 
Its  people  are  great  tea  drinkers.  What  is 
china  ware  !  What  other  silk-raising  countries 
have  you  learned  about !     (See  pages  89,  95,  98.) 


A  tea  plantation  in  China. 

Notice  a  package  of  tea  as  it  comes  from  the  store. 
You  would  hardly  think  that  it  consisted  of  dried, 
rolled-up  leaves,  but  when  soaked  in  hot  water  the 
leaves  soften  and  unroll,  and  you  can  find  many  that 
are  unbroken  and  in  their  natural  shape. 

There  are  only  a  few  miles  of  railroad  in 
China,  and  few  roads  of  any  kind.  Steamers 
ply  to  and  fro  on  some  of  the  rivers,  but  many 
of  the  goods  and  passengers  are  carried  on  the 
rivers  and  canals  by  clumsy  vessels  called  junks. 
On  land  merchandise  is  carried  mostly  on  the 
backs  of  men.  When  the  crops  fail  in  any  part 
of  the  empire,  thousands  of  the  people  die  of 
starvation,  as  food  from  other  places  cannot  be 
got  to  them  in  time. 


JAPAN. 


Ill 


There  are  many  very  large  cities  in  China, 
but  the  houses  are  generally  small,  and  the 
streets  narrow  and  dirty.  Find  Peking.  The 
Emperor  of  China,  who  is  called  by  his  people 
the  "  Son  of  Heaven,"  lives  here  in  great 
splendor,  but  is  seldom  seen  by  his  subjects. 

Find  Canton.  It  is  the  chief  city  and  sea- 
port of  China.  Find  Hongkong.  This  city 
and  the  small  island  on  which  it  is  built 
belong  to  Great  Britain. 

Find  the  peninsula  of  Korea.  This  king- 
dom was  for  many  years  a  part  of  China,  but 
is  now  independent.  It  is  a  mountainous 
country,  and  but  little  is  known  of  the  in- 
terior.    What  is  the  capital? 


Fujiyama,  the  sacred  mountain  of  Japan. 

85.    JAPAN. 

Map  Studies. — Of  what  does  the  Empire  of  Japan 
consist?  Name  the  largest  island.  The  most  south- 
ern island.  What  seas  sepax-ate  Japan  from  the  main- 
land ?  What  do  you  learn  from  the  map  as  to  the 
surface  of  Japan  ? 

Japan  is  a  native  empire ;  that  is,  it  is  not, 
like  India,  under  the  control  of  a  foreign  na- 
tion. It  lies  in  the  same  belts  as  the  United 
States,  and  has  much  the  same  climate. 
Hondo,  the  largest  island,  is  about  the  size  of 
Utah.  There  are  a  great  many  volcanoes  in 
Japan,  and  earthquakes  are  common. 


Japan  was  for  many  centuries  a  nation  to 
itself,  like  China.  Of  late  years  it  has  made 
rapid  progress,  and  now  has  good  schools, 
newspapers,  telegraphs,  railroads,  and  steam- 
ships. It  has  also  a  strong  fleet  of  war  vessels. 
The  people  look  somewhat  like  the  Chinese,  but 
are  more  active  in  business  matters. 


k  ^J<h~, ;«%■:  "'■  ■iiu'itihi 

■lu.  iJfOrZ  SShatM^1' 

]                     fc     1 

I 

y^       jm 

A  Japanese  dinner  party. 

Let  us  visit  a  Japanese  family.  We  are  taken  to 
the  house  in  a  two-wheeled  carriage,  which  is  called 
a  jinrikisha,  and  is  drawn  by  a  man.  At  the  door 
we  take  off  our  shoes  before  we  enter.  "We  find  our- 
selves in  a  room  the  floor  of  which  is  covered  with 
clean  mats.  This  room  can  be  turned  into  a  sitting 
room,  bedroom,  or  kitchen  by  means  of  sliding 
screens.  There  are  no  chairs  or  tables.  The  lady 
of  the  house  does  not  shake  hands  with  us,  but  bows 
two  or  three  times,  and  falls  on  her  knees  and  touches 
her  face  to  the  floor.  To  be  polite  we  must  also  bow 
and  kneel. 

Farming  is  the  leading  occupation,  although 
a  great  deal  of  land  is  too  rough  for  this  work. 
Japan  ranks  next  to  China  in  the  production 
of  raw  silk.  Much  tea  also  is  raised.  The 
bamboo,  so  useful  to  the  people  of  Asia,  is 
abundant,  and  also  the  trees  that  yield  cam- 
phor. As  in  China,  there  are  few  sheep  or 
cattle,  but  many  hogs  and  fowls  are  raised. 
There  is  plenty  of  coal  and  iron,  and  good 
water  power;  hence  Japan  is  fast  becoming  a 
manufacturing  country. 


112 


ASIA. 


Nearly  every  large  city  in  our  own  country  has  one 
or  more  Japanese  stores  in  which  are  sold  beautiful 
and  curious  things  made  of  porcelain,  bronze,  and 
other  materials.  The  Japanese  are  very  skillful  in 
making  these  fine  goods. 

Tokio,  the  capital,  is  the  largest-  city,  x»f 
Japan.  It  has  grown  very  rapidly,  and  now 
has  more  than  a  million  people.  Find  Yoko- 
hama. It  is  the  seaport  of  Tokio,  and  has  a 
large  foreign  commerce.  Where  else  have  you 
learned  of  large  inland  cities  with  seaports  on 
the  coast?    What  reason  is  there  for  this? 


J5wM 

JSL-  \ 

/ 

A 

JSKBk-^jA 

X      ^ 

P 

|         || 

A  group  of  Siberian  exiles. 

86.    SIBERIA. 

Map  Studies.-  In  what  part  of  Asia  is  Siberia? 
"What  ocean  north?  Seas  east?  What  is  the  gen- 
eral slope  of  the  country?  How  do  you  know  this? 
Name  the  four  principal  rivers.  Locate  Lake  Baikal. 
Lake  Balkash.    Aral  Sea.     Which  of  these  are  salt  ? 

Siberia  is  larger  than  the  whole  United 
States,  but  is  thinly  settled.  It  is  a  part  of  the 
Empire  of  Russia.  Where  is  Russia?  What 
is  the  seat  of  government  of  this  empire  ? 

What  have  you  learned  of  the  surface  and 
climate  of  the  Arctic  coast  of  Siberia? 
Farther  south,  in  the  forest  belts  and  on-  the 
grassy  plains,  the  summers  are  short  and  hot, 
and  the  winters  long  and  cold.  There  is  much 
fertile  land  in  southern  Siberia.  The  rivers 
are  the  chief  highways  of  travel. 


The  native  people  of  Siberia  are  of  the  yel- 
low race.  Most  of  the  white  inhabitants  have 
come  from  Russia.  Many  of  them  have 
been  sent  to  Siberia  as  a  punishment  for  some 
offense  or  crime.     Such  people  are  called  exiles. 

On  the  map  of  the  world  (pages  36  and  37)  trace  the 
railroad  from  St.  Petersburg  eastward  across  central 
Asia  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  This  great  road  will  open 
up  for  settlement  the  fertile  fields  of  southern  Siberia. 
Notice  that  the  road  passes  through  the  valley  of  the 
Amur  River.     This  is  a  fine  grain-growing  section. 

Vast  herds  of  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  are 
raised  in  southern  Siberia.  Through  this  re- 
gion many  caravans  pass  on  their  way  to  and 
from  the  Chinese  Empire.  Most  of  these  go  by 
way  of  Irkutsk,  which  is  a  great  trade  center. 


87.    SOUTHWESTERN  ASIA. 

Map  Studies. — Find  on  the  map  Afghanistan,  Balu- 
chistan, Persia,  Arabia,  part  of  the  Turkish  Empire, 
and  Trans-Caucasia.  "What  natural  division  of  land  is 
Arabia?  What  two  rivers  flow  into  the  Persian 
Gulf?  "What  mountain  range  between  Trans-Cau- 
casia and  Russia  ? 

The  surface  of  this  part  of  Asia  is  chiefly  a 
dry  plateau  broken  by  the  low  plains  of  the 
Euphrates  and  Tigris  rivers.  Much  of  this 
plateau  region  consists  of  sandy  deserts. 

In  nearly  all  deserts  there  are  places  where, 
the  underground  water  comes  near  the  surface, 
so  that  trees,  grass,  and  other  plants  will  grow. 
Such  a  place  is  called  an  oasis. 

Arabia  is  largely  desert,  although  near  its 
coasts  are  fertile  lands  which  produce  dates, 
coffee,  and  grain.  The  people  are  called  Arabs. 
They  belong  to  the  white  race,  but  have  dark 
skins.  Find  Mocha.  What  do  we  get  from 
this  place? 

The  Arabs  who  live  in  the  desert  are  called 
Bedouins.  They  dwell  in  tents,  and  wander 
from  one  oasis  to  another,  with  their  camels,  and 
their  herds  of  sheep  and  goats.  Some  of  the 
finest  horses  in  the  world  are  raised  in  Arabia. 


SOUTHWESTERN   ASIA. 


113 


A  Bedouin  encampment  in  an  oasis. 

We  will  visit  the  tent  of  a  Bedouin.  It  is  black  in 
color,  and  is  made  of  goats'-hair  cloth.  The  tent  is 
about  twenty  feet  long  and  is  divided  into  two  rooms. 
One  is  for  the  women  and  children,  and  the  other 
serves  for  a  kitchen  and  general  sitting  room. 

You  have  learned  about  Turkey  in  Europe. 
Notice  that  part  of  the  Turkish  Empire  ex- 
tends into  Asia.  This  is  sometimes  called 
Asiatic  Turkey.  The  land  is  rich  but  is  not 
•well  cultivated,  and  the  country  does  not 
prosper  under  Turkish  rule.  Smyrna  is  the 
chief  seaport. 

Afghanistan  and  Baluchistan  are  mountain- 
ous countries  lying  between  the  Asiatic  pos- 
sessions of  Russia  and  Great  Britain.  Through 
the  wild  mountain  passes  of  this  region  im- 
portant caravan  routes  lead  to  India.  Find 
the  capital  of  each  country. 

The  desert  plateaus  of  Persia  are  in  many 
places  covered  with  salt,  that  looks  like  a  light 
fall  of  snow.  Dates,  melons,  cotton,  and  rice 
grow  well  in  the  lowlands,  and  horses,  camels, 
and  sheep  are  raised.  The  people  weave  beau- 
tiful shawls,  carpets,  and  rugs  by  hand.  The 
capital  of  Persia  is  Teheran.  The  chief  ruler 
is  called  the  Shah. 

Find  on  the  map  Jerusalem,  the  Dead  Sea, 
and  Mount  Sinai.  In  what  country  are  these 
places?  Where  have  you  read  about  them! 
Tell  what  you  can  of  each. 


TEST  AND  REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

78.  Trace  on  the  map  (pages  36  and  37)  the  most  direct 
eastern  route  of  a  voyage  from  New  York  to  Hongkong. 
From  San  Francisco  westward  to  Hongkong.  Name  three 
groups  of  islands  that  skirt  the  coast  of  Asia.  Where  are 
the  East  Indies?  How  does  the  coast  line  of  Asia  resemble 
that  of  Europe ?  Where  are  the  coldest  parts  of  Asia?  The 
warmest?  What  other  grand  divisions  are  in  the  same 
belts? 

79.  Which  is  the  loftiest  mountain  range  on  the  globe? 
Name  the  highest  peak  of  this  range.  Where  is  the  high- 
land region  of  Asia?  Why  is  the  Plateau  of  Tibet  so  dry? 
What  fertile  plains  are  south  of  the  highland  region?  What 
great  plain  north?  What  are  tundras?  Steppes?  Name 
the  chief  rivers  of  Asia.  The  principal  lakes.  Which  of 
these  are  salt?     Why?  < 

80.  Where  is  the  hot  belt  of  Asia?  What  are  the  prin- 
cipal plants  of  this  belt?  The  principal  animals?  What 
animals  are  found  farther  north?  What  plants?  What 
have  you  learned  of  the  mineral  products  of  Asia?  Of  its 
commerce? 

81.  Of  what  race  are  most  of  the  people  of  Asia?  What 
other  races  are  there?  How  do  the  Caucasians  of  Asia 
differ  from  those  of  Europe?  What  have  you  learned  of 
the  civilization  of  Asia?  What  are  the  principal  religious 
beliefs  of  the  people?  Name  the  most  important  countries 
of  Asia. 

82.  How  does  India  compare  in  size  and  population  with 
the  United  States?  Under  what  government  is  it?  What 
have  you  learned  about  the  Hindus?  What  is  the  principal 
occupation  of  the  people  of  India?  The  condition  of  the  peo- 
ple?    What  are  the  chief  productions?     The  chief  cities? 

83.  Find  on  the  map  Siam,  French  Indo-China,  and  the 
Malay  Peninsula.  What  do  we  get  from  this  part  of  Asia? 
What  have  you  learned  of  Siam?  Of  French  Indo-China? 
What  is  tne  chief  trade  center  of  tnis  region? 

84.  What  have  you  learned  about  the  Chinese?  What 
of  Chinese  travel  and  transportation?  Of  Chinese  cities? 
Of  Korea?  What  Chinese  products  have  you  seen? 
Write  the  history  of  a  cup  of  tea. 

85.  Of  what  is  the  Empire  of  Japan  composed?  It  ex- 
tends from  the  Kurile  Islands  to  Formosa.  Does  the  United 
States  extend  as  far  north  and  south?  (See  map,  page  44.) 
What  have  you  learned  of  the  progress  of  Japan?  Name 
some  of  its  products.  Why  will  it  become  a  manufacturing 
country?     What  of  its  cities? 

86.  What  have  you  learned  of  the  surface  of  Siberia? 
Of  its  climate?  Of  its  size?  Of  its  people?  Of  its  great 
railroad? 

87.  What  is  the  general  surface  of  southwestern  Asia? 
What  do  we  get  from  Arabia?  Tell  what  you  know  about 
the  Bedouins.  What  is  a  desert?  An  oasis?  What  are 
some  of  the  products  of  Persia?  What  is  the  chief  ruler 
called?  Under  what  government  is  Jerusalem?  Why  do 
we  take  so  much  interest  in  this  city? 


AFRICA. 


Lions  in  the  desert. 

88.    POSITION-EXTENT-COAST  LINE. 

What  part  of  Africa  is  crossed  by  the 
equator?  In  what  zone,  then,  is  the  greater 
part  of  the  grand  division?  What  kind  of 
climate  would  you  naturally  look  for  in  this 
zone  ?  In  what  zone  are  the  countries  border- 
ing on  the  Mediterranean  Sea?  The  countries 
near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope?  What  other 
grand  division  lies  in  nearly  the  same  belts  of 
temperature  ? 

In  what  way  does  the  coast  line  of  Africa 
resemble  that  of  South  America?  How  does 
it  differ  from  those  of  Europe  and  Asia? 
What  oceans  border  on  Africa?  What  seas? 
What  large  gulf !  What  noted  strait  separates 
Africa  from  Europe  ?  From  Asia  ?  What  isth- 
mus connects  Africa  with  Asia?  What  gulf 
between  Arabia  and  Somaliland? 

Could  a  vessel  sail  entirely  around  Africa? 
How  would  it  pass  the  Isthmus  of  Suez? 
Name  all  the  waters  on  which  it  would  sail. 
What  cape  would  it  pass  at  the  east?  At  the 
south  ?  What  cape  at  the  west  ?  What  group 
of  islands  near  this  cape?  What  large  island 
near  the  southeast  coast  ?  What  channel  sep- 
arates it  from  the  mainland?    This  island  is 


five  times  as  large  as  Penn- 
sylvania. What  three  groups 
near  the  northwest  coast? 
To  whom  do  they  belong? 
What  do  you  know  of  the 
Canary  Islands? 

As  the  greater  part  of  Africa 
lies  in  the  Torrid  Zone,  it  is  natu- 
rally a  hot  country.  The  region 
of  greatest  heat  is  found  possibly 
in  Lower  Nubia.  The  Arabs  have 
a  saying  that  "in  Nubia  the  soil 
is  like  fire  and  the  wind  like  a 
flame." 


89.    SURFACE   AND   DRAINAGE. 

You  will  see  from  the  relief  map  that  the 
high  mountain  ranges  of  Africa  are  near  the 
sea.  From  these  mountain  ranges  there  is  a 
steep  slope  to  the  narrow,  unhealthful  strip  of 
low  plain  bordering  on  the  ocean. 

On  the  inland  side  of  the  mountains  the 
slope  is  more  gradual,  and  much  of  the  surface 
of  the  land  is  far  above  the  sea  level.  South- 
eastern Africa  may  be  considered  a  vast 
plateau. 

Find  the  Atlas  Mountains.  These  are  the 
greatest  elevations  in  the  north  of  Africa. 
South  of  these  mountains  is  the  lowland  desert 
region  of  the  Sahara,  crossed  near  the  center 
by  a  strip  of  highland.  South  of  the  Sahara 
are  the  fertile  plains  of  the  Sudan.  Find  the 
highlands  of  Abyssinia.  What  peaks  of  the 
southeastern  plateau  region  are  on  or  near  the 
equator  ?  These  peaks  are  always  covered  with 
snow.    What  is  the  climate  at  the  equator? 

Has  Africa  many  or  few  rivers  as  compared 
with  other  grand  divisions?  Which  is  the 
longest  river?  Where  does  it  rise?  What 
direction  do  you  travel  in  going  down  the 
Nile?     Down  the  Mississippi? 


114 


SURFACE  AND  DRAINAGE. 


115 


«^  Cape  Verde 
lelandg 


Cope  Verc/G^s 


Relief  Map  of  AFRICA. —  Same  Scale  as  North  America,  South  America,  Asia,  and  Australia. 


The  heavy  rains  near  the  source  of  the  Nile  swell 
the  river  so  that  it  overflows  its  banks  as  its  waters 
near  the  sea.  What  do  plants  require  besides  heat 
in  order  to  grow  well  ?  The  floods  of  the  Nile  cover 
the  narrow  valley  on  each  side  of  it  with  a  coating  of 
rich  mud  which  makes  it  one  of  the  best  farming 


regions  in  the  world.  Several  millions  of  people  are 
fed  from  the  fertile  soil  brought  from  the  heart  of 
Africa  by  this  great  river.  The  valley  of  the  Nile, 
covered  with  growing  grain,  has  been  compared  to  a 
green  ribbon  laid  upon  a  yellow  cloth,  the  latter  being 
represented  by  the  sand  of  the  surrounding  desert. 


116 


AFRICA. 


Find  the  Kongo  River.  This  river,  though 
not  so  long  as  the  Nile,  drains  an  extent  of 
country  greater  than  that  drained  by  the  Mis- 
sissippi River.  Find  the  Niger  River.  The 
Zambezi.     The  Orange.    None  of  the  African 


■ 

^jl^*. 

^«*^^^"* 

jMH-^-^S^yrL    >■                           &?£&* 

Cataracts  of  the  Nile. 

rivers  are  navigable  very  far  inland  for  sea- 
going vessels,  as  their  channels  are  more  or  less 
obstructed  by  waterfalls,  rapids,  and  sand 
bars. 

Where  is  the  lake  region  of  Africa?  Name 
three  of  the  largest  lakes.  Victoria  Nyanza 
(Nyanza  means  "lake")  is  about  the  size  of 
Lake  Superior.  Lake  Chad,  in  Central  Africa, 
although  it  has  no  outlet  to  the  sea,  is  a  body 
of  fresh  water.  What  other  grand  division 
is  well  watered  in  the  equatorial  belt! 

90.  RESOURCES  AND  PRODUCTS. 

More  than  one  third  of  Africa  is  too  dry  for 
vegetation.  In  the  central  belt,  where  the  rain- 
fall is  abundant,  there  are  dense  forests.  Both 
north  and  south  of  the  forest  belt  are  wide 
grassy  plains  which  afford  pasture  for  cattle 
and  wild  game.  Still  farther  north  and  south 
are  the  deserts.  Most  of  the  farming  is  done  in 
Cape  Colony  and  the  Boer  countries,  along  the 
Mediterranean,  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Nile. 


Livingstone,  the  great  African  explorer,  describes 
the  forests  of  Central  Africa  as  so  dense  that  the 
sun's  rays  can  scarcely  penetrate  them.  The  rain 
water  stands  for  months  in  pools  made  by  the  feet 
of  elephants.  The  climbing  plants  are  so  numerous 
that  when  one  of  the  great  trees  with  its  tangle  of 
vines  falls  across  the  path,  it  must  be  climbed,  as 
cutting  a  path  around  it  is  a  work  of  time  and  labor 
that  travelers  never  undertake  to  perform. 


A  date  palm. 

The  trees  most  useful  to  the  people  of  Africa 
are  the  palms,  of  which  there  are  many  kinds. 
The  date  palm  furnishes  a  large  part  of  the 
food  of  the  natives  of  northern  Africa,  the 
fruit  of  the  oil  palm  yields  a  valuable  oil,  and 
from  another  palm  sago  is  obtained.  Ebony, 
india  rubber,  and  trees  that  produce  gum 
arabic  are  also  found  in  the  forests. 

Africa  has  long  been  known  as  the  land 
of  ivory.  What  is  ivory  ?  From  what  animal 
is  it  principally  obtained?  This  country  is 
the  home  also  of  the  lion,  rhinoceros,  giraffe, 
hyena,  monkey,  gorilla,  antelope,  zebra,  jackal, 
and  many  other  land  animals,  while  the  hip- 
popotamus and  crocodile  are  found  in  its 
streams. 

The  ox  and  the  camel  are  the  most  useful 
domestic  animals.  Without  the  latter  it  would 
be  almost  impossible  to  cross  the  vast  desert 
tracts  of  Africa.  Why  is  the  camel  often  called 
the  "  ship  of  the  desert "  ?     The  ostrich,  which 


PEOPLE  AND  COUNTRIES. 


117 


is  too  large  a  bird  to  fly,  but  which  can  run  as 
swiftly  as  a  horse,  is  found  wild  on  the  plains, 
and  is  also  raised  in  great  numbers  on  the 
ostrich  farms  of  southern  Africa.  For  what 
purpose  is  the  ostrich  raised? 


Hippopotamus,  giraffes,  elephants,  and  gorilla. 

There  are  many  hurtful  insects  in  Africa.  In  the 
northern  part  great  swarms  of  locusts  sometimes 
devour  the  vegetation,  leaving  the  country  bare  and 
blackened  as  if  swept  by  fire.  In  the  forest  regions 
armies  of  ants  travel  over  the  land,  crossing  hills  and 
streams,  and  destroying  every  living  animal,  large  or 
small,  that  comes  in  their  way.  In  the  south  is  the 
dreaded  tsetse  fly,  whose  bite  is  fatal  to  horses  and 
some  other  domestic  animals,  though  harmless  to 
man. 

For  many  years  gold  has  been  obtained  from 
the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Guinea.  What  Eng- 
lish coin  gets  its  name  from  this  gold?  In 
later  years  some  of  the  richest  gold  fields  in  the 
world  have  been  found  in  South  Africa,  and 
here,  too,  are  the  great  diamond  mines  that 
now  supply  the  world. 

The  trade  from  the  interior  of  Africa  is 
carried  on  mostly  by  caravans.  What  is  a 
caravan?  Much  of  this  trade  is  across  the 
Sahara  to  the  ports  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 
The  caravans  bring  to  these  ports  gold  dust, 
ivory,  ostrich  feathers,  and  gums,  and  take 
back  in  return  salt  and  trinkets  to  exchange 
with  the  natives  for  these  things. 


91.     PEOPLE   AND   COUNTRIES. 

Africa  was  long  known  as  the  "Dark 
Continent,"  both  from  the  color  of  its  people 
and  because  so  little  could  be  found  out  about 
its  interior.  Many  brave  travelers,  while  try- 
ing to  explore  the  country,  lost  their  lives  from 
its  deadly  fevers,  or  were  killed  by  the  natives. 
What  does  "  explore  "  mean  ?  Ask  your  teacher 
to  tell  you  about  Livingstone  and  Stanley. 

Within  the  last  few  years,  however,  several 
nations  of  Europe  have  taken  possession  of 
different  sections  of  the  country,  and  now  most 
of  Africa  is  owned  by  England,  Germany, 
France,  Italy,  and  Portugal.  Many  people 
from  these  countries  live  in  their  various 
possessions,  and  most  of  the  trade  and  com- 
merce is  in  their  hands. 


A  native  African  village. 

Africa  is  best  known,  however,  as  the  home 
of  the  black  race.  It  has  many  more  people 
than  there  are  in  North  America,  and  most  of 
them  are  negroes.  These  negroes  are  divided 
into  various  tribes  which  are  often  at  war  with 
one  another.  Some  of  them  do  a  little  in  the 
way  of  raising  vegetables  and  grain  to  feed 
themselves  and  their  cattle.  A  few  tribes  have 
learned  to  make  cloth,  leather,  and  some  rude 
articles  of  iron  and  ornaments  of  gold.  They 
require  but  little  clothing.    Why  ? 


*-_  CAPE  VERDE 

^m     <  i  ^MM.iiiiis 

.   INLANDS    t^, 


Longitude 


Jfop  Studies.— What  countries  of  Africa  are  crossed 
by  the  equator  ?  In  what  zone  is  the  greater  part  of 
the  grand  division  ?  In  what  zone  are  the  countries 
along  the  Mediterranean  Sea?  Those  near  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  ? 

Locate— British  possessions :  Cape  Colony,  Brit- 
ish South  Africa,  British  Central  Africa,  Niger  Ter- 
ritories, Sierra  Leone,  British  Egyptian  Sudan,  Egypt. 


German  possessions:  German  East  Africa,  German 
Southwest  Africa,  Kamerun.  French  possessions :  Al- 
geria, Tunis,  Senegal,  French  Kongo,  Madagascar. 
Portuguese  possessions :  Portuguese  East  Africa,  Por- 
tuguese West  Africa.  Italian  possessions:  Eritrea, 
Italian  Somaliland.  Turkish  possessions:  Tripoli. 
Other  countries :  Morocco,  Liberia,  Vaal  River  Col- 
ony, Orange  River  Colony,  Kongo  State,  Abyssinia. 


118 


EGYPT. 


119 


The  houses  in  many  of  the  negro  villages  are  round 
huts  made  of  poles,  and  covered  with  bark  or  thatched 
with  straw.  The  black  children  dance  and  play  ball, 
and  have  many  other  games.  A  favorite  amusement 
is  catching  rats  and  field-mice  in  long,  tube-like  bas- 
kets which  are  hidden  in  the  grass. 

For  centuries  the  slave  trade  has  been  the 
curse  of  Africa.  Millions  of  black  people  have 
been  taken  to  other  lands  and  sold  as  slaves. 
Most  of  the  civilized  nations  of  the  earth  are 
now  actively  opposed  to  the  slave  trade,  and 
in  time  will  put  an  end  to  it. 

Slaves  are  still  held  in  northern  Africa,  in  parts  of 
Asia,  and  in  European  Turkey.  Most  of  the  present 
slave  trade  is  carried  on  by  the  Arabs. 


Sphinx  and  pyramid,  Egypt. 

92.    EGYPT. 

Map  Studies.— In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Egypt? 
On  what  waters  does  it  border  ?  What  isthmus  and 
canal  in  the  northeast?  What  noted  river  flows 
through  Egypt  ? 

Many  centuries  ago  Egypt  was  a  powerful 
nation  and  had  reached  a  high  state  of  civiliza- 
tion. Its  people  built  immense  pyramids  and 
splendid  temples,  the  ruins  of  which  are  found 
all  over  the  land.  Its  ancient  greatness,  how- 
ever, has  long  since  departed. 

What  have  you  learned  of  the  Suez  Canal? 
The  British   have  the  control  of   this  great 


water  way,  through  which  thousands  of  vessels 
pass  every  year,  and  their  rule  really  extends 
over  the  whole  country,  although  in  name  it 
belongs  to  Turkey. 

Except  the  narrow  strip  watered  by  the  Nile, 
Egypt  is  a  desert.  This  flat,  narrow  Nile 
valley  is,  however,  one  of  the  most  fruitful 
spots  in  the  world,  yielding  two  or  three  crops 
each  year.  Wheat,  corn,  cotton,  rice,  sugar 
cane,  and  dates  are  the  chief  products. 

The  country  south  of  Egypt,  known  as  British- 
Egyptian  Sudan,  is  also  under  British  control.  It 
has  some  trade  with  Egypt  in  gold  dust,  ostrich 
feathers,  gums,  and  hides. 

Most  of  the  people  of  Egypt  are  Moham- 
medans. What  have  you  learned  about  the 
Mohammedan  religion?  Cairo,  the  capital,  is 
an    ancient    and  highly  interesting  city. 

Alexandria  is  the     £    principal  seaport. 


The  sights  and 
very  strange  to  the 
and  American  trav- 


sounds  of  Cairo  appear 
thousands  of  European 
elers  who  visit  Egypt. 


Street  scene  in  Cairo. 

In  the  narrow  streets  there  are  turbaned  Turks, 
gayly  dressed  Greeks,  closely  veiled  women,  girls  car- 
rying water  jars,  overladen  donkeys,  and  mournful- 
looking  camels.  On  every  side  are  heard  the  cries 
of  those  who  have  things  to  sell :  "  Oh,  oranges  to  the 
right !"     "  God's  gift,  limpid  water !  "    "  Sugar  cane ! " 


120 


AFRICA. 


93.    THE    BARBARY    STATES. 

Map  Studies.— -What  four  countries  of  Africa,  west 
of  Egypt,  border  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea?  What 
division  lies  south  of  these  states  ?  What  mountains 
extend  through  Morocco,  Algeria,  and  Tunis?  Find 
out  why  these  mountains  were  so  named. 

The  Barbary  States  were  so  called  because  a 
people  called  Berbers  first  lived  there.  As  in 
Egypt,  most  of  the  native  people  are  Moham- 
medans. 

The  country  near  the  Atlas  Mountains  is 
very  fertile  but  is  poorly  farmed.  Many 
horses,  cattle,  camels,  sheep,  and  goats  are 
raised.  Cork,  olive  oil,  dates,  skins,  and  es- 
parto grass  for  making  paper  are  exported. 


barren  wastes  of  drifting  sand,  although  much 
of  the  surface  is  of  this  nature.  Parts  of  the 
desert  are  covered  with  loose  rocks  and  rocky 
ridges,  and  there  are  low  mountain  ranges  near 
the  center. 

There  is  much  land  in  the  Sahara  that  would 
be  productive  if  it  could  be  watered.  In  places 
where  springs  exist,  grass  and  trees  spring  up, 
and  oases  are  formed  on  which  people  can  live 
and  raise  food.  These  oases  serve  as  halting 
places  for  caravans. 

The  Sahara  is  about  two  thirds  as  large  as  the 
United  States,  and  it  is  estimated  that  more  than  two 
million  people  live  within  its  borders. 


Arab  uoys  in  market,  Algiers. 

Morocco  is  ruled  by  a  sultan,  who  treats  his 
people  with  great  cruelty.  His  capital  is  some- 
times the  city  of  Morocco,  and  sometimes  Fez. 
Algeria  and  Tunis  belong  to  France.  Name 
their  capitals.  Tripoli  is  a  Turkish  province. 
The  city  of  Tripoli  is  the  capital,  and  is  the 
center  of  the  caravan  trade  across  the  Sahara. 

94.    THE   SAHARA. 

The  Sahara,  or  Great  Desert,  is  part  of  the 
vast  desert  belt  that  extends  across  Africa  and 
Asia.    It   does   not    consist   entirely   of   flat, 


Loading  camels  to  cross  the  dese 


95.    THE   SUDAN  AND   ABYSSINIA. 

If  we  travel  south  across  the  Sahara,  we  will 
in  time  reach  a  belt  of  country  where  the  rain- 
fall begins,  and  where  the  sand  of  the  desert 
gives  way  to  grass  and  trees.  This  fertile  belt 
is  called  the  Sudan,  and  is  the  home  of  the 
largest  and  most  civilized  part  of  the  native 
negro  race.     Sudan  means  "  black." 

The  negroes  are  divided  into  many  tribes, 
each  of  which  has  its  own  king.  They  have 
herds  of  cattle  and  do  good  farming  with  the 
few  rude  tools  they  make.  Some  of  them  raise 
cotton,  and  manufacture  cloth  and  leather. 


KONGO  STATE. 


121 


There  are  a  number  of  large  native  towns  in 
the  Sudan.  Here  the  traders  collect  to  load 
their  caravans  with  the  products  of  the  coun- 
try. Find  Timbuktu.  In  what  direction  from 
this  town  would  caravans  travel  to  reach 
Tripoli?  Most  of  the  Sudan  is  claimed  by 
European   nations. 

East  of  the  fertile  plains  of  the  Sudan  is  the 
plateau  region  of  Abyssinia.  It  is  a  rugged 
country  with  deep,  narrow  valleys.  Most  of 
the  people  are  Christians.  They  are  chiefly 
occupied  in  pasturing  large  herds  of  cattle, 
sheep,  and  goats.  Gold,  ivory,  and  coffee  are 
exported. 

96.    THE  KONGO   STATE. 

South  of  the  Sudan  is  the  Kongo  State, 
which  is  under  the  control  of  Belgium.  It 
forms  the  greater  part  of  the  basin  of  the 
Kongo  River.  It  is  a  region  of  dense  forests 
and  the  home  of  millions  of  negroes.  Find  the 
capital. 

The  Kongo  River  is  the  great  highway  of 
the  country.  About  one  hundred  "miles  from 
the  sea  it  is  obstructed  by  rapids,  around  which 
a  railroad  has  been  built.  Beyond  these  rapids 
there  are  over  a  thousand  miles  of  navigable 
water,  on  which  many  river  steamers  ply  to 
and  fro.  The  state  exports  rubber,  ivory,  and 
palm  nuts. 

97.  CAPE  COLONY  AND  THE  BOER 
COUNTRIES. 

Map  Studies. — In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Cape 
Colony?  On  what  waters  does  it  border?  What 
river  on  the  north?  Capes  south?  Where  is  the 
Orange   River   Colony?     The   Vaal    River    Colony? 

Cape  Colony  is  the  most  important  of  the 
British  possessions  in  Africa.  It  was  first 
settled  by  the  Dutch  about  two  hundred  and 
fifty  years  ago,  and  was  captured  by  the  Eng- 
lish one  hundred  and  fifty  years  later. 


The  principal  occupations  of  the  people  are 
mining,  farming,  and  stock  raising,  and  gold, 
diamonds,  and  wool  are  the  chief  exports. 
Cape  Toivn,  the  capital,  is  the  chief  seaport  of 
southern  Africa.  Find  Kimberley.  It  is  the 
chief  center  of  the  diamond  trade  of  the  world. 


Kimberley  diamond  mines. 


The  Orange  River 

Rough  diamonds. 

Colony,  formerly 
the  Orange  Free  State,  and  the  Vaal  River 
Colony,  formerly  the  South  African  Republic, 
were  settled  by  Dutch  emigrants  from  Cape 
Colony.  They  were  an  honest,  industrious  farm- 
ing people,  and  were  the  first  to  establish  a  re- 
publican form  of  government  in  southern  Africa. 

These  people  are  called  Boers,  which  is  a  Dutch 
word  meaning  "  farmers."  The  Boers  who  settled  the 
South  African  Republic  were  obliged  to  cross  the 
Vaal  River  to  reach  that  country.  Hence  this  state 
is  sometimes  called  the  Transvaal— trans  meaning 
"  across."  The  two  countries  were  annexed  by  Great 
Britain  in  1900. 

These  countries  are  well  adapted  to  stock 
raising  and  farming.  Millions  of  sheep  pasture 
on  the  plains,  and  there  are  many  ostrich 
farms.  The  chief  wealth  of  this  region,  how- 
ever, is  its  rich  mines  of  gold,  diamonds, 
and  coal.  In  the  last  few  years  these  have 
brought  thousands  of  people  from  Europe  and 
America  into  this  part  of  Africa. 


122 


AFRICA. 


Find  Bloemfontein,  the  capital  and  chief  city 
of  the  Orange  River  Colony.  Find  Pretoria, 
the  capital  of  the  Vaal  River  Colony.  Find 
Johannesburg.  This  is  the  largest  city,  and  is 
the  center  of  the  gold-mining  region. 


Boers 


98.  6THER  coast  countries. 

You  will  see  by  the  map  that  most  of  the 
eastern  and  western  coast  region  of  Africa  is 
owned  by  various  European  countries.  From 
these  coast  countries  we  get  ivory,  rubber,  cat- 
tle products,  gums,  ebony,  and  palm  oil.  The 
last-named  product  comes  from  the  western 
coast.  What  other  country  produces  rubber? 
Name  some  of  its  uses. 

Find  Sierra  Leone  and  Liberia.  The  former 
is  a  British  colony,  established  as  a  home  for 
freed  slaves.  The  latter  was  founded  for  a 
similar  purpose  by  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  but  is  now  an  independent  republic. 
Coffee  raising  is  an  important  industry  in 
Liberia. 

Find  Madagascar.  It  is  the  largest  island  of 
Africa.  By  what  nation  is  it  owned?  It  is 
a  well-wooded  mountainous  country,  and  is 
rich  in  minerals.  Its  products  are  similar  to 
those  of  the  neighboring  coast  countries,  and  it 
exports  large  quantities  of  cattle,  hides,  and 
rubber.    What  is  the  capital  ? 


TEST   AND   REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

88.  In  what  latitude  is  Africa?  In  what  zones  does  it  lie  ? 
Compare  its  coast  line  with  those  of  the  other  grand  divi- 
sions that  you  have  studied.  What  is  an  isthmus?  What 
isthmus  connects  Africa  with  Asia?  What  other  isthmus 
connects  two  grand  divisions?  What  is  a  strait?  What 
strait  separates  Africa  from  Europe?  What  other  strait 
separates  two  grand  divisions?  In  what  part  of  Africa 
would  you  prefer  to  live?     Why? 

89.  Where  do  we  find  the  high  mountain  ranges  of 
Africa?  Name  three  of  the  highest  peaks.  What  part  of 
Africa  forms  a  vast  plateau?  Name  five  large  rivers  of 
Africa.  What  have  you  learned  about  the  Nile?  The 
Kongo ?  Why  are  the  African  rivers  only  partly  navigable? 
Which  is  the  largest  African  lake  ?  Compare  it  in  size  with 
Lake  Superior.    Where  is  the  best- watered  region  of  Africa? 

90.  Where  is  the  chief  desert  region  of  Africa?  The 
smaller  desert  region?  The  dense  forest  region?  The 
wide  grassy  plains?  Name  some  of  the  most  valuable 
trees  and  their  products.  What  are  the  principal  wild  ani- 
mals? The  most  useful  domestic  animals?  What  does  the 
elephant  yield?  The  ostrich?  Where  are  the  richest  gold 
mines?  The  great  diamond  mines?  What  have  you 
learned  about  caravans  and  their  trade? 

91.  For  what  reason  do  you  suppose  people  risk  their 
lives  in  exploring  foreign  countries?  Name  some  great 
African  explorers.  What  European  nations  now  own  the 
greater  part  of  Africa?  What  have  you  learned  about  the 
negroes  ?     About  the  slave  trade?  " 

92.  Where  have  you  read  about  the  "Land  of  Egypt"? 
To  whom  does  this  country  belong?  What  would  Egypt 
be  without  the  Nile?  What  are  the  chief  products  of  the 
Nile  valley?  Of  what  religious  belief  are  the  most  of  the 
people?  Where  do  we  find  many  other  people  of  this  be- 
lief?    Name  the  capital  and  the  chief  seaport. 

93.  Where  are  the  Barbary  States  ?  Why  are  they  so 
called?  To  whom  do  they  belong?  Name  some  of  their 
products.     Capitals. 

94.  Where  is  the  Sahara?  Describe  its  surface.  What 
is  an  oasis  and  how  is  it  formed? 

95.  Where  is  the  Sudan?  Who  live  there?  Tell  what 
you  can  about  the  people.  In  what  way  is  trade  carried  on  ? 
What  of  the  surface  of  Abyssinia?  Of  the  people?  The 
products? 

96.  Where  is  the  Kongo  State?  Under  whose  control  is 
it?  With  what  is  this  region  covered?  By  whom  inhabi- 
ted?    What  of  the  chief  river?     The  exports? 

97.  To  whom  does  Cape  Colony  belong?  What  are  its 
chief  products?  What  people  settled  the  Orange  Free 
State,  and  the  South  African  Republic?  By  whom  were 
these  countries  annexed?  What  are  they  now  called?  Name 
their  products.     Describe  the  Boers. 

98.  Name  some  of  the  products  of  the  other  coast 
countries  of  Africa.  What  use  is  made  of  palm  oil  ?  What 
have  you  learned  about  Sierra  Leone?     Madagascar? 


AUSTRALIA  AND  ISLANDS  OF  THE  PACIFIC  OCEAN. 


Philippine 

Mindor^f^&wk  Islands 


Samar 


5    Ladrone  or 
•*  Maria  ita  Islands 
.  ^Guam 

C&r.oline'       IsViinds 


WakeL. 


Marshall 
"Islands  ' 


^      Spice  l:     f 


r  Java  •.    „** 


I    N    D     I     AN 


O     C    E     A     N     \ 


A  r  a  fur  a     Sea     TorresStraii 


AUSTRALIA 

•AND 

ISLANDS  of  the  PACIFIC  OCEAN 

O      tOO   ZOO  SCO  400    50O  IOOO 


600  MILt*    TO  ONE  INCI 


Hebrides      • 
New  Caledonia 


\\         ",      Fiji  Islands  ^  9  « 


Horth  Island 
CookSiraii 

New  Zealand 

South  Island 


<4 


Relief  Map  of  AUSTRALIA. —  Same  Scale  as  North  America,  South  America,  Asia,  and  Africa. 


99.   AUSTRALIA. 

Is  Australia  north  or  south  of  the  equator? 
"What  other  continent  extends  farther  south? 
(See  map  of  the  world,  pages  36  and  37.)  How- 
does  Australia  compare  in  size  with  the  other 
continents?  The  Tropic  of  Capricorn  crosses 
the  center  of  Australia.  In  what  zone,  there- 
fore, is  the  northern  half  ?    The  southern  half  ? 


In  what  direction  from  Australia  is  the  United 
States  ?    Across  what  ocean  ? 

If  you  have  a  globe  in  your  school-room,  place  one 
finger  on  the  city  of  Washington,  and  another  exactly 
opposite  on  a  line  through  the  center ;  the  second  finger 
will  come  near  Australia.  From  this  you  will  see 
that  Australia  is  on  the  side  of  the  globe  opposite 
to  us.  It  is  opposite,  too,  in  its  seasons.  Its  people 
suffer  from  heat  at  Christmas,  and  have  their  coldest 
weather  when  we  are  celebrating  the  Fourth  of  July. 


123 


124 


AUSTRALIA. 


120°    Longitude      East     from      Greenwich     140° 


Map  Studies.  —  Into  what  five  eolonies  is  Australia 
divided?  What  is  the  northern  part  of  South  Aus- 
tralia called?  What  two  island  colonies  southeast? 
Name  the  largest  two  islands  of  New  Zealand.  To 
what  nations  does  New  Guinea  belong?  What  are 
the  principal  islands  and  groups  between  New  Guinea 
and  Asia?  Which  of  these  groups  belongs  to  the 
United  States  ?    Name  its  largest  two  islands. 


The  coast  line  of  Australia  is  somewhat  like 
that  of  Africa.  Name  the  two  chief  indenta- 
tions.   What  large  islands  are  separated  from 


the  continent  by  narrow  straits?  Name  these 
straits.  What  peninsula  is  in  the  north  ?  Find 
the  Great  Barrier  Reef.  This  reef,  which  is 
the  work  of  the  coral  animal,  extends  for  over 
a  thousand  miles  along  the  northeast  coast. 

Where  the  waters  of  the  ocean  are  warm  and  not 
very  deep,  there  live  millions  of  small  jellylike  animals 
called  coral  polyps.  These  build  their  homes  together 
on  the  rocks  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  from  the  lime 
that  is  dissolved  in  the  water.  They  live  only  a  short 
time,  but  other  millions  go  on  with  the  work  until 


AUSTRALIA 


125 


there  slowly  grows  up  to  the  surface  a 
coral  reef,  which  in  time  may  become  an 
island.  There  are  many  coral  islands  and 
reel's  in  the  West  Indies  also. 

The  larger  part  of  Australia  is  a 
dry  plateau,  but  not  of  great  altitude, 
the  highest  part  being  the  mountain 
ridge  along  the  eastern  coast.  In  the 
southeast  are  extensive  lowlands 
drained  by  the  Murray  and  Darling 
rivers.  These  are  navigable  by  small 
steamers  for  a  few  months  only. 

There  are  many  dry  river  beds  ^^MM 
which  in  the  rainy  season  are  filled 
with  rushing  torrents,  whose  waters,  however, 
do  not  reach  the  ocean,  but  either  dry  up  or  are 
lost  in  the  sandy  soil.  There  are  also  many 
shallow,  marshy  lakes  that  have  no  outlet  to 
the  sea.  In  the  interior  but  little  rain  falls, 
and  much  of  the  country  is  a  desert. 

The  native  animals  and  plants  of  Australia 
are  unlike  those  of  the  rest  of  the  world. 
Among  the  former  is  the  kangaroo.  This  ani- 
mal has  large,  powerful  hind  legs,  and  a  thick, 
heavy  tail.  It  does  not  walk  or  run,  but  gets 
over  the  ground  in  long  leaps.  Fine  leather  is 
made  from  its  hide. 

The  duckbill,  or  water  mole,  as  it  is  sometimes 
called,  is  another  curious  animal.  It  is  not  a  bird, 
although  it  has  a  bill  like  a  duck,  webbed  feet,  and 
lays  eggs.     It  is  covered  with  soft  fur. 

Most  of  the  forest  trees  are  evergreens  that 
shed  their  bark  instead  of  their  leaves.  There 
are  fernlike  plants  of  great  size,  and  other 
plants  of  curious  shape,  like  the  bottle  tree.  In 
the  interior  are  vast  tracts  of  porcupine  grass 
through  which  it  is  hard  to  force  a  way.  The 
forests  abound  in  parrots  and  other  bright- 
colored  birds. 

Australia  is  an  important  part  of  the  great 
British  Empire.  The  native  people,  a  low  race 
of  savage  blacks,  are  fast  dying  out.  Most  of 
the  white  race  live  in  the  southeastern  part. 
They  are  active  and  enterprising,  and  are  among 


An  Australian  forest  scene. 

the  leading  nations  of  the  world  in  matters  of 
education  and  government. 

The  early  settlers  brought  with  them  the 
common  domestic  animals  of  Europe.  These 
throve  well,  and  Australia  to-day  is  the  chief 
wool-producing  country  of  the  world.  Cattle 
products,  especially  preserved  meats,  are  ex- 
ported in  immense  quantities. 

Although  one  fourth  of  all  the  gold  mined 
in  the  world  comes  from  Australia,  it  is  only 
one  fifth  as  valuable  as  the  products  of  the 
farms  and  flocks  of  this  continent.  Copper, 
iron,  tin,  and  coal  also  are  abundant. 


Government  buildings,  Melbourne. 

Find  Melbourne  and  Sydney.  These  are  the 
largest  cities  of  Australia  and  the  chief  com- 
mercial centers.  They  each  have  a  population 
about  as  large  as  that  of  Boston  or  St.  Louis. 


126 


ISLANDS  OF  THE  PACIFIC. 


100.    ISLANDS  OF  THE  PACIFIC. 

Southeast  of  Asia   are   many  islands   and 
groups,  that  were  probably  once  part  of  the 
mainland  and  are  generally  studied  in  connec- 
tion with  Asia.    The  most 
important  of  these  are  the 
Philippine  Islands  and  the 
Dutch  East  Indies.     What 
have  you  learned  of  the 
Philippine    Islands  ? 

The  Dutch  East  Indies 
comprise  Sumatra,  Java, 
Celebes,  the  Molucca  or 
Spice  Islands,  and  part  of 
Borneo.  Most  of  them  are 
densely  populated,  the 
greater  part  of  the  people 
being  Malays.  These  is- 
lands supply  the  markets 
of  the  world  with  coffee, 
sugar,  rice,  spices,  and  tin. 
Find  Batavia.  It  is  the 
capital  and  chief  center  of 
commerce  of  the  Dutch 
East  India  possessions. 

North  of  Australia  is  the  island  of  New 
Guinea.  It  is  a  mountainous  country,  nearly 
five  times  as  large  as  the  whole  of  New  Eng- 
land. New  Guinea  is  owned  by  England,  Ger- 
many, and  the  Netherlands.  Pearls,  ebony, 
sandalwood,  and  copra  are  the  chief  products. 

Copra  is  the  dried  meat  of  the  eocoanut.  Great 
quantities  of  this  are  exported  to  other  countries  to 
be  used  in  making  eocoanut  oil. 

South  of  Australia  is  Tasmania.  It  is  a 
British  colony,  and  is  somewhat  larger  than 
"West  Virginia.  Its  surface,  climate,  and  prod- 
ucts are  similar  to  those  of  southeastern  Aus- 
tralia.    "Wool  is  the  chief  export. 

Where  is  New  Zealand  ?  Tell  by  the  scale  of 
miles  how  far  it  is  from  Australia.  The  two 
main  islands  of  this  group  are  about  as  large 


as  Colorado.     They  are  famous  for  their  vol- 
canoes, glaciers,  geysers,  and  hot  springs. 

New  Zealand  is  a  British  colony.  The  people 
are  mostly  engaged  in  farming  and  sheep  rais- 
ing. Wool  and  meat  are  the  chief  exports. 
Auckland  is  the  principal 
seaport. 

Find  the  Fiji  Islands. 
To  whom  do  they  belong? 
The  natives  of  these  is- 
lands are  Malays,  who 
have  been  partially  civil- 
ized. Sugar,  copra,  and 
bananas  are  produced. 

Find  the  Samoa  Is- 
lands. What  islands  of 
this  group  belong  to  the 
United  States!  Find  the 
Hawaiian  Islands.  (Map, 
pages  36  and  37.)  What 
have  you  learned  about 
this  group  !    (See  page  71.) 


A  eocoanut  grove. 


On  the  map  of  the  world 
(pages  36  and  37)  you  will 
see  that  there  are  many  other 
island  groups  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Many  of  them  are  of  coral  formation,  and 
some  are  volcanic.  Although  they  lie  in  the  hot  belt, 
most  of  them  have  a  delightful  climate  on  account  of 
the  ocean  winds.  Cocoanuts,  breadfruit,  sugar  cane, 
and  bananas  grow  on  these  islands. 

The  breadfruit  tree  resembles  our  ash  tree  in  form, 
but  the  leaves  are  much  larger.  The  fruit  is  round 
or  oval,  and  about  six  inches  in  diameter.  When 
cooked,  it  is  much  like  wheaten  bread. 

TEST  AND   REVIEW   QUESTIONS. 

99.  In  what  latitude  is  Australia?  How  do  its  seasons 
differ  from  ours?  What  have  you  learned  of  its  coast  line? 
Of  its  lakes?  Its  rivers?  Of  the  coral  polyp?  Describe 
the  surface  of  the  continent.  Name  some  of  its  animals. 
Its  plants.     Its  chief  products.     Its  principal  cities. 

100.  Where  are  the  Dutch  East  Indies?  What  do  they 
comprise?  What  of  their  people?  Products?  Capital? 
What  have  you  learned  of  New  Guinea?  Tasmania?  New 
Zealand?  Fiji  Islands?  Samoa  Islands?  Philippine  Is- 
lands?   Hawaiian  Islands?    Other  Pacific  islands? 


AREAS    AND    POPULATIONS. 


THE  EARTH. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

The  Land 52,361,000 

North  America  9,350,000 
South   America    6,888,000 

Europe   3,943,000 

Asia  16,956,000 

Africa 11,515,000 

Australia,  etc..  3,456,000 
S.  Polar  Lands       253,000 

The  Sea 144,500,000 

Atlantic  Ocean  34,000,000 
Pacific  Ocean..  71,000,000 
Indian  Ocean..  28,000,000 
Antarctic  Oc. . .  7,500,000 
Arctic  Ocean..     4,000,000 

Total  surface  . .  .196,900,000 


Population. 
1,522,407,000 

101,283,000 
33,566,000 
385,000,000 
828,315,000 
168,497,000 
5,746,000 


United  States*. . . . 
British  America  . . 
Danish  America  . . 

Mexico 

Central  America  . . 
West  Indies 


NORTH  AMERICA. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

3,616,000 

3,778,000 

878,000 

752,000 

180,000 

94,000 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Brazil 3,228,000 

Argentina  1,077,000 

Paraguay 98,000 

Uruguay 69,000 

Chile  300,000 

Peru    439,000 

Bolivia 515,000 

Colombia  465,000 

Venezuela  403,000 

Guiana,  British ....  89,000 

Guiana,  Dutch  ....  50,000 

Guiana,  French ....  30,000 

EUROPE. 

British  Isles 122,000 

Empire  of  Germany  211,000 

France 207,000 

Russia 2,182,000 

Austria-Hungary  . .  261,000 

Italy 111,000 

Switzerland 16,000 

Spain 192,000 

Portugal 36,000 

Netherlands 13,000 

Belgium 11,000 

Norway 126,000 

Sweden 174,000 

Denmark 15,000 

Turkey 65,000 

Roumania  51,000 

Servia 19,000 

Greece 25,000 

*  Including  Alaska. 


Population. 

76,149,000 

5,028,000 

79,000 

11,396,000 
3,010,000 
5,488,000 


14,600,000 

3,204,000 

330,000 

712,000 

3,165,000 

2,980,000 

1,435,000 

3,321,000 

2,239,000 

282,000 

66,000 

26,000 


40,337,000 

52,280,000 

38,229,000 

109,887,000 

45,401,000 

31,479,000 

3,120,000 

17,744,000 

4,660,000 

5,004,000 

6,587,000 

2,098,000 

5,010,000 

2,310,000 

5,892,000 

5,406,000 

2,384,000 

2,434,000 


ASIA. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles, 

British  India 1,760,000 

French  Indo-China  278,000 

Siam 220,000 

Chinese  Empire...  4,279,000 

Japanese  Empire. .  161,000 

Asiatic  Russia  ....  6,593,000 

Korea 84,000 

Afghanistan 240,000 

Baluchistan 167,000 

Persia  .    635,000 

Asiatic  Turkey ....  709,000 

Arabia 959,000 

East  Indies 774,000 

AFRICA. 

Egypt 361,000 

Br.  Eg.  Sudan...  759,000 

Morocco 314,000 

Algeria 258,000 

Tunis 45,000 

Tripoli   399,000 

Sahara 2,386,000 

Sudan 2,210,000 

Abyssinia 196,000 

Kongo  State 865,000 

Cape  Colony 222,000 

Other  Br.  S.  Af. . . .  767,000 

Orange  R.  Colony  50,000 

Vaal  R.  Colony  . . .  114,000 

Portuguese  S.  Af.  827,000 

Somaliland 813,000 

German   S.  Africa  691,000 

Madagascar 229,000 

AUSTRALIA. 

New  South  Wales  309,000 

Victoria 88,000 

Queensland 668,000 

South  Australia. .  .  904,000 

West   Australia...  976,000 


Population. 

292,382,000 

19,000,000 

9,000,000 

358,500,000 

43,072,000 

21,066,000 

10,519,000 

4,600,000 

1,020,000 

7,500,000 

15,479,000 

2,142,000 

39,458,000 


6,818,000 

10,830,000 

8,016,000 

3,855,000 

1,500,000 

1,000,000 

2,500,000 

76,000,000 

4,500,000 

14,100,000 

1,526,000 

2,695,000 

208,000 

679,000 

13,200,000 

13,692,000 

3,100,000 

3,582,600 


1,132,000 

1,140,000 

393,000 

320,000 

50,000 


PRINCIPAL  ISLANDS  AND  GROUPS. 

Borneo  group 284,000  1,740,000 

Canary  Islands  ....  3,000  288,000 

Celebes  group 77,000  1,500,000 

Ceylon 25,000  3,038,000 

Cuba  group 46,000  1,522,000 

Greenland 838,000  10,000 

Great  Britain  88,600  33,034,000 

Haiti 30,000  1,377,000 

Hawaiian  Islands..  6,500  154,000 

Iceland 40,000  69,000 

Ireland  32,500  4,706,000 

Jamaica 4,000  639,500 

Japan  Islands 161, 000  43,072, 000 

Java  group    51,000  22,818.000 

Madagascar 229,000  3,582,600 

Newfoundland  ....  43,000  193,000 

New  Guinea  group  312,000  837,000 

New  Zealand  group  104,600  673,500 

Philippine  Islands..  114,000  7,000,000 

Porto  Rico 3,600  953,243 

Sumatra  group 180,000  3,783,000 

Tasmania 26,000  156,500 

127 


UNITED   STATES,   1900. 

S^Mttal  r°Pil»tion. 

Alabama 52,250  1,828,697 

Arizona  Territory  113,020  122,931 

Arkansas 53,850  1,311,564 

California 158,360  1,485,053 

Colorado 103,925  539,700 

Connecticut 4,990  908,420 

Delaware 2,050  184,735 

Dist.  of  Columbia  70  278,718 

Florida 58,680  528,542 

Georgia 59,475  2,216,331 

Idaho 84,800  161,772 

Illinois  56,650  4,821,550 

Indiana    36,350  2,516,462 

Indian  Territory..  31,400  392,060 

Iowa 56,025  2,231,853 

Kansas 82,080  1,470,495 

Kentucky 40,400  2, 147, 1 74 

Louisiana 48,720  1,381,625 

Maine 33,040  694,466 

Maryland 12,210  1,188,044 

Massachusetts  ...  8,315  2,805,346 

Michigan 58,91 5  2,420,982 

Minnesota 83,365  1,751,394 

Mississippi 46,810  1,551,270 

Missouri 69,415  3,106,665 

Montana 146,080  243,329 

Nebraska 77,510  1,066,300 

Nevada 110,700  42,335 

New  Hampshire . .  9,305  411,588 

New  Jersey 7,815  1,883,669 

New  Mexico  Ter. .  122,580  195,310 

New  York 49,170  7,268,894 

North  Carolina...  52,250  1,893,810 

North  Dakota  ....  70.795  319,146 

Ohio 4i;060  4,157,545 

Oklahoma  Ter. . . .  39,030  398,331 

Oregon  96,030  413,536 

Pennsylvania....  45,215  6,302,115 

Rhode  Island 1,250  428,556 

South  Carolina  . . .  30,570  1,340,316 

South  Dakota  ....  77,650  401,570 

Tennessee 42,050  2,020,616 

Texas 265,780  3,048,710 

Utah 84,970  276,749 

Vermont 9,565  343,641 

Virginia 42,450  1,854,184 

Washington 69, 180  518, 103 

West  Virginia ....  24,780  958,800 

Wisconsin 56,040  2,069,042 

Wyoming 97,890  92,531 

Delaware  and 

New  York  Bays  720 
Detached  Possessions. 

Alaska   590,884  63,592 

Hawaii  6,449  154,001 

Philippine  Islands  114,356  »7,000,000 

Porto  Rico 3,606  953,243 

Other      Detached 

Possessions  ....  260  12,700 
Persons  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  U.  S. 

stationed  abroad  91,219 

Grand  total  — U.  S.  > 

and  detached  pos-  [  3,741,155  84,269,330' 

sessions  ) 

'Estimated. 


128 


AREAS  AND  POPULATIONS. 


CITIES  HAVING   A   POPULATION  OF   100,000  OR  UPWARDS. 


UNITED   STATES. 

1900.  1890. 

Allegheny,  Pa 129,896  105,287 

Baltimore,  Md 508,957  434,439 

Boston,  Mass 560,892  448,477 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 352,219  255,664 

Chicago,  111 1,698,575  1,099,850 

Cincinnati,  Ohio    ...  325,902  296,908 

Cleveland,  Ohio 381,768  261,353 

Columbus,  Ohio 125,560  88,150 

Denver,  Col 133,859  106,713 

Detroit,  Mich 285,704  205,876 

Fall  River,  Mass.  . . .  104,863  74,398 

Indianapolis,  Ind. .. .  169,164  105,436 

Jersey  City,  N.  J. . . .  206,433  163,003 

Kansas  City,  Mo.  ...  163,752  132,716 

Los  Angeles,  Cal. . . .  102,479  50,395 

Louisville,  Ky 204,731  161,129 

Memphis,  Tenn.    . .  102,320  64,495 

Milwaukee,  Wis 285,315  204,468 

Minneapolis,  Minn...  202,718  164,738 

Newark,  N.  J 246,070  181,830 

New  Haven,  Conn. .  108,027  81,298 

New  Orleans,  La. . . .  287,104  242,039 

New  York,  N.  Y.    ...  3,437,202  1,515,301 

Omaha,  Neb 102,555  140,452 

Paterson,  N.  J 105,171  78,347 

Philadelphia,  Pa 1,293,697  1,046,964 

Pittsburg,  Pa. 321,616  238,617 

Providence,  R.  I.  .. .  175,597  132,146 

Rochester,  N.  Y 162,435  133,896 

St.  Joseph,  Mo 102,979  52,324 

St.  Louis,  Mo.  575,238  451,770 

St.  Paul,  Minn 163,632  133,156 

San  Francisco,  Cal.  .  342,782  298,997 

Scranton,  Pa 102,026  75,215 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 108,374  88,143 

Toledo,  Ohio  131,822  81,434 

Washington,  D.  C.  . .  278,718  230,392 

Worcester,  Mass.  . . .  118,421  84,655 


MOUNTAINS. 

Feet  high. 

Everest,  Asia 29,002 

Aconcagua,  Chile 23,910 

Sorata,  vol.,  Bolivia 21,286 

McKinley,  Alaska 20,464 

Kilimanjaro,  Africa 20,000 

Logan,  Canada 19,500 

Orizaba,  vol.,  Mexico 18,314 

Kenia,  Africa 18,000 

St.  Elias,  Alaska 18,010 

Blanc,  France  15,744 

Whitney,  California 14,898 

Blanca.Peak,  Colorado 14,464 

Rainier,  Washington 14,444 

Shasta,  California 14,350 

Fujiyama,  vol.,  Japan 14,177 

Pikes  Peak,  Colorado   14,147 

Fremont  Peak,  Wyoming 13,790 

Hood,  Oregon 11,225 

Mitchells  Peak,  North  Carolina. . .  6,711 

Washington,  New  Hampshire 6,286 

Katahdin,  Maine 5,200 

Hecla,  vol.,  Iceland 5,110 

Vesuvius,  vol.,  Italy 4,205 


LAKES. 

Area,  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

Caspian,  Asia 169,400 

Victoria,  Africa 32,200 


FOREIGN. 

Latest  Census. 

Alexandria,  Egypt 319,767  ('97 

Amsterdam,  Netherlands. .  494,189  ('96 

Antwerp,  Belgium 267,902  ('96 

Belfast,  Ireland 255,950  ('91 

Berlin,  Germany 1,677,304  ('95 

Birmingham,  England 501,241  ('96 

Bombay,  India 821,764  ('91 

Bordeaux,  France  256,906  ('96 

Bradford,  England 228,809  ('96 

Breslau,  Germany 378,250  ('95 

Bristol,  England    230,623  ('96 

Bucharest,  Roumania 232,009  ('94 

Budapest,  Hungary 491,938  ('90 

Buenos  Ayres,  Argentina. .  725,554  ('97 

Cairo,  Egypt 576,400  ('97 

Calcutta,  India 810,786  ('91 

Canton,  China 2,000,000  ('96 

Cologne,  Germany 321,564  ('95 

Constantinople,  Turkey  . . .  873,565  ('85 

Copenhagen,  Denmark  ....  312,859  ('90 

Dresden,  Germany 336,440  ('95 

Dublin,  Ireland 245,001  ('91 

Edinburgh,  Scotland 263,646  ('91 

Frankfort,  Germany 229,279  ('95 

Fuchau,  China 650,000  ('96 

Genoa,  Italy 225,135  ('96 

Glasgow,  Scotland 658,198  ('91 

Hamburg,  Germany 625,552  ('95 

Hanover,  Germany 209,535  ('95 

Havana,  Cuba 235,981  ('99 

Kiev,  Russia 248,750  ('97 

Leeds,  England 402,449  ('96 

Leipsic,  Germany 399,963  ('95 

Lisbon,  Portugal 301,200  ('90 

Liverpool,  England 632,512  ('96 

London,  England 4,433,018  ('96 

Lyon,  France 466,028  ('96 

Madras,  India  452,518  ('91 

Madrid,  Spain 499,270  ('90 

Manchester,  England 529,561  ('96 


Area  in 
Milei 

Superior,  U.  S 31,200 

Aral,  Asia 26,200 

Huron,  U.  S 23,800 

Michigan,  U.  S 22,500 

Tanganyika,  Africa 14,000 

Baikal,  Asia 13,200 

Chad,  Africa 10,400 

Erie,  U.  S 10,000 

Winnipeg,  Canada 9,400 

Balkash,  Asia 8,600 

Ontario,  U.  S 7,200 

Ladoga,  Russia 7,000 

Titicaca,  South  America 3,300 

Nicaragua,  Central  America 2,800 

Great  Salt,  U.  S 2,300 

Dead  Sea,  Asia 350 


RIVERS. 

Miles 
Long. 

Mississippi-Missouri,  U.  S 4,200 

Mississippi  proper,  U.  S 2,600 

Missouri,  U.  S 2,900 

Nile,  Africa 3,900 

Amazon,  South  America     3,400 

Yangtze,  China 3,100 

Ob,  Siberia 3,000 

Yenisei,  Siberia 3,000 

Niger,  Africa 2,900 


Latest  Census. 

Marseille,  France 442,239  ('96) 

Melbourne,  Australia 447,565  ('95) 

Mexico,  Mexico 339,935  ('95) 

Milan,  Italy  456,698  ('96) 

Montevideo,  Uruguay 249,251  ('98) 

Montreal,  Canada 216,650  ('91) 

Moscow,  Russia 988,610  ('97) 

Munich,  Germany 407,307  ('95) 

Naples,  Italy 529,446  ('96) 

Newcastle,  England 212,223  ('96) 

Nottingham,  England. . .    .  229,775  ('96) 

Odessa,  Russia 404,651  ('97) 

Osaka,  Japan 487,184  ('96) 

Paris,  France 2,536,834  ('96) 

Peking,  China 1,000,000 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil 522,651  ('95) 

Rome,  Italv 474,018  ('96) 

Rotterdam^  Netherlands ...  286, 105  ('96) 

St.  Petersburg,  Russia  ....  1,267,023  ('97) 

Santiago,  Chile 256,403  ('95) 

Sheffield,  England 347,278  ('96) 

Stockholm,  Sweden 279,680  ('96) 

Sydney,  Australia . .  408,500  ('95) 

Tientsin,  China 950,000  ('96) 

Tokio,  Japan 1,268,930  ('96) 

Turin,  Italy 348,001  ('96) 

Vienna,  Austria 1,364,548  ('90) 

Warsaw,  Russia  614,752  ('97) 

LARGEST   CITIES   OF  THE  WORLD. 

London  4,443,018 

New  York (1900) 3,437,202 

Paris 2,536,834 

Canton 2,000,006 

Chicago (1900)   1,698,575 

Berlin    1,677,304 

Vienna 1,364,548 

Philadelphia. . . .  (1900) 1,293,697 

Tokio 1,268,930 

St.  Petersburg 1,267,023 

Peking 1,000,000 


Miles 
Long. 

Hoang,  China  . 2,800 

Kongo,  Africa 2,800 

Lena,  Siberia 2,800 

Amur,  Siberia 2,700 

Mekong,  Asia 2,600 

Plata,  South  America 2,500 

Volga,  Russia 2,300 

St.  Lawrence,  North  America  . . .  2,100 

Mackenzie,  Canada  2,100 

Yukon,  North  America  2,000 

Euphrates,  Asia 2,000 

Arkansas,  U.  S 2,000 

Nelson-Saskatchewan,  Canada  . . .  1,900 

Indus,  Asia 1,900 

Ganges,  India 1,800 

Danube,  Europe 1,800 

Sao  Francisco,  Brazil 1,800 

Rio  Grande,  North  America 1,800 

Tocantins,  Brazil 1,700 

Zambezi,  Africa 1,600 

Irtish,  Siberia 1,600 

Orinoco,  South  America 1,500 

Columbia,  U.  S 1,400 

Dnieper,  Russia 1,300 

Orange,  Africa 1,200 

Tennessee,  U.  S 1,100 

Murray,  Australia 1,100 

Magdalena,  Colombia 1,100 

Colorado,  U.  S 1,000 

Ural,  Russia 1,000 


-■  y 


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